An Initial Model of Trust in Chatbots for Customer Service - Findings from a Questionnaire Study

This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Interacting with computers following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwz022

[1]  Matthew K. O. Lee,et al.  Trust in Internet Shopping: Instrument Development and Validation through Classical and Modern Approaches , 2001, J. Glob. Inf. Manag..

[2]  Celso Augusto de Matos,et al.  Service Recovery Paradox: A Meta-Analysis , 2007 .

[3]  Jessie Y. C. Chen,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Factors Affecting Trust in Human-Robot Interaction , 2011, Hum. Factors.

[4]  Hong-Youl Ha Factors influencing consumer perceptions of brand trust online , 2004 .

[5]  Amy Wrzesniewski,et al.  Convierta el trabajo que tiene en el trabajo que sueña , 2010 .

[6]  N. Moray,et al.  Trust in automation. Part II. Experimental studies of trust and human intervention in a process control simulation. , 1996, Ergonomics.

[7]  Susan Wiedenbeck,et al.  On-line trust: concepts, evolving themes, a model , 2003, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[8]  Claudio S. Pinhanez,et al.  Typefaces and the Perception of Humanness in Natural Language Chatbots , 2017, CHI.

[9]  Daniel R. Ilgen,et al.  Not All Trust Is Created Equal: Dispositional and History-Based Trust in Human-Automation Interactions , 2008, Hum. Factors.

[10]  David Coniam The linguistic accuracy of chatbots: usability from an ESL perspective , 2014 .

[11]  Izak Benbasat,et al.  Special Issue: Trust in Online Environments , 2008, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[12]  Abigail Sellen,et al.  "Like Having a Really Bad PA": The Gulf between User Expectation and Experience of Conversational Agents , 2016, CHI.

[13]  Jordi Vallverdú,et al.  Can machines talk? Comparison of Eliza with modern dialogue systems , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[14]  Amy L. Ostrom,et al.  Service Research Priorities in a Rapidly Changing Context , 2015 .

[15]  D. Ezzy Qualitative Analysis: Practice and Innovation , 2002 .

[16]  Anbang Xu,et al.  A New Chatbot for Customer Service on Social Media , 2017, CHI.

[17]  P. V. Lange,et al.  Generalized Trust Four Lessons From Genetics and Culture , 2015 .

[18]  Karl F. MacDorman,et al.  Revisiting the uncanny valley theory: Developing and validating an alternative to the Godspeed indices , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[19]  E. Rogers Diffusion of Innovations , 1962 .

[20]  Eric Atwell,et al.  Chatbots: Are they Really Useful? , 2007, LDV Forum.

[21]  Mary Jo Bitner,et al.  Self-Service Technologies: Understanding Customer Satisfaction with Technology-Based Service Encounters , 2000 .

[22]  Mary Jo Bitner,et al.  Choosing among Alternative Service Delivery Modes: An Investigation of Customer Trial of Self-Service Technologies , 2005 .

[23]  Asbjørn Følstad,et al.  Why People Use Chatbots , 2017, INSCI.

[24]  Berkeley J. Dietvorst,et al.  Algorithm Aversion: People Erroneously Avoid Algorithms after Seeing Them Err , 2014, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[25]  E. Ostrom,et al.  Trust and reciprocity : interdisciplinary lessons from experimental research , 2003 .

[26]  Joseph Weizenbaum,et al.  and Machine , 1977 .

[27]  Sirkka L. Jarvenpaa,et al.  Consumer Trust in an Internet Store: A Cross-Cultural Validation , 2006, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[28]  Jason Bennett Thatcher,et al.  Trust in a specific technology: An investigation of its components and measures , 2011, TMIS.

[29]  J. H. Davis,et al.  An Integrative Model Of Organizational Trust , 1995 .

[30]  Michael A. Osborne,et al.  The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? , 2017 .

[31]  Fred D. Davis Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology , 1989, MIS Q..

[32]  Colin G. Drury,et al.  Foundations for an Empirically Determined Scale of Trust in Automated Systems , 2000 .

[33]  Julie A. Jacko Human-Computer Interaction. Ambient, Ubiquitous and Intelligent Interaction, 13th International Conference, HCI International 2009, San Diego, CA, USA, July 19-24, 2009, Proceedings, Part III , 2009, HCI.

[34]  C. Nass,et al.  Are People Polite to Computers? Responses to Computer-Based Interviewing Systems1 , 1999 .

[35]  John K. Butler Toward Understanding and Measuring Conditions of Trust: Evolution of a Conditions of Trust Inventory , 1991 .

[36]  Alex Gillespie,et al.  Co-constructing intersubjectivity with artificial conversational agents: People are more likely to initiate repairs of misunderstandings with agents represented as human , 2016, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[37]  Samuel S. Monfort,et al.  Almost human: Anthropomorphism increases trust resilience in cognitive agents. , 2016, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[38]  T. M. Holtgraves,et al.  Perceiving artificial social agents , 2007, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[39]  Joost Broekens,et al.  Trust in Online Technology: Towards Practical Guidelines Based on Experimentally Verified Theory , 2009, HCI.

[40]  Gregory Mone The edge of the uncanny , 2016, Commun. ACM.

[41]  Colin Camerer,et al.  Not So Different After All: A Cross-Discipline View Of Trust , 1998 .

[42]  W. R. Ford,et al.  Real conversations with artificial intelligence: A comparison between human-human online conversations and human-chatbot conversations , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[43]  Tolga Tezcan,et al.  Routing and Staffing in Customer Service Chat Systems with Impatient Customers , 2014, Oper. Res..