Body composition assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

Body composition (BC) assessment is indispensable to evaluate nutritional status and thus health, both at the population and individual level, and to assess the efficacy of primary and secondary preventive nutritional strategies. Changes in BC, including the regional distribution of body fat, largely occur during pubertal transition, with marked differences between genders. They may, however, also occur in the elderly, who experience significant changes in the ratio between body fat and muscle with aging. The development and implementation of more sophisticated techniques (e.g. BC assessment at the molecular and atomic levels) could provide a major contribution to determining BC at different levels. This review discusses the application of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) on BC determination, given that DXA has the potential to provide overall and regional assessment of BC in terms of fat, lean mass and bone. DXA is widely used in many clinical settings primarily diagnosis osteoporosis. This article describes the use of whole-body DXA in assessing BC in patients with chronic diseases (e.g. metabolic syndrome) as well as in different sport activities to evaluate the effects of exercise.RiassuntoLa valutazione della composizione corporea, da qui in avanti denominata con il termine anglosassone di body composition (BC), è un metodo essenziale per analizzare lo stato di salute in termini nutrizionali, sia a livello di popolazione sia a livello individuale, come pure per indagare l’efficacia delle strategie nutrizionali preventive primarie e secondarie. I cambiamenti della BC, inclusa la distribuzione distrettuale del grasso corporeo, avvengono in larga parte durante il periodo puberale e si diversificano in base al sesso. Questi tuttavia possono manifestarsi anche nel soggetto anziano, per il quale il trascorrere degli anni può causare significativi cambiamenti nel rapporto tra grasso corporeo e muscolo. Per misurare la composizione corporea esistono numerose tecniche; alcune semplici, ma con margini di errore ancora elevati, altre invece costose e sofisticate (come per esempio la valutazione a livello atomico e molecolare della BC) ma più affidabili nel rilevamento dei risultati a vari livelli. Questa revisione della letteratura riguarda l’applicazione della tecnica dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) per la determinazione della composizione corporea, in quanto tale metodica permette di misurare sia in maniera totale che segmentale, per singoli distretti, i vari componenti quali: massa grassa, massa magra e tessuto osseo. Attualmente la DXA è principalmente usata per fare diagnosi di osteoporosi e/o per controllare la risposta alla terapia farmacologia. In questo articolo verranno descritte le altre possibili indicazioni, tra cui lo studio della BC nei pazienti con sindromi metaboliche croniche e l’applicazione in condizioni fisiologiche, quali per esempio nello sportivo, per valutare l’effetto dell’esercizio fisico sulla massa corporea.

[1]  Disa L Hatfield,et al.  BODY COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE DURING A NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION DIVISION IMEN'S SOCCER SEASON , 2006, Journal of strength and conditioning research.

[2]  T. Kelly,et al.  DXA body composition: theory and practice. , 1998, Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine.

[3]  G. Blake,et al.  Bone densitometry: an update References for figures , 2005 .

[4]  L. Iacopino,et al.  Multicompartment model to assess body composition in professional water polo players. , 2004, The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness.

[5]  K. Ellis Human body composition: in vivo methods. , 2000, Physiological reviews.

[6]  A. Lorenzo,et al.  Effects of different sports on bone density and muscle mass in highly trained athletes. , 2001, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[7]  W. Kohrt,et al.  Body composition by DXA: tried and true? , 1995, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[8]  C van Kuijk,et al.  Influence of anthropometric parameters and bone size on bone mineral density using volumetric quantitative computed tomography and dual X-ray absorptiometry at the hip , 2006, Acta radiologica.

[9]  Sören Mattsson,et al.  Development of methods for body composition studies , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[10]  Tamara B Harris,et al.  Comparison of the effectiveness of 2 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers with that of total body water and computed tomography in assessing changes in body composition during weight change. , 2003, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[11]  T. Dwyer,et al.  Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition and aging in a population-based older cohort , 2007, International Journal of Obesity.

[12]  R. Mazess,et al.  Total body bone mineral and lean body mass by dual-photon absorptiometry , 1981, Calcified Tissue International.

[13]  J. Kanis,et al.  DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS , 2016 .

[14]  F. Tylavsky,et al.  Assessing Body Composition With DXA and Bioimpedance: Effects of Obesity, Physical Activity, and Age , 2008, Obesity.

[15]  S B Heymsfield,et al.  Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition model: review of physical concepts. , 1996, The American journal of physiology.

[16]  A. LaCroix,et al.  Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is a valid tool for assessing skeletal muscle mass in older women. , 2007, The Journal of nutrition.

[17]  H C Lukaski,et al.  Methods for the assessment of human body composition: traditional and new. , 1987, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[18]  Claude Pichard,et al.  Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition: differences between devices and comparison with reference methods. , 2002, Nutrition.

[19]  L. Plank,et al.  Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition , 2005, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[20]  V. Hughes,et al.  Sarcopenia: current concepts. , 2000, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[21]  E. Bertin,et al.  Measurement of visceral adipose tissue by DXA combined with anthropometry in obese humans , 2000, International Journal of Obesity.

[22]  J. Kanis,et al.  Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: Synopsis of a WHO report , 1994, Osteoporosis International.

[23]  S. Heymsfield,et al.  Weight stability masks sarcopenia in elderly men and women. , 2000, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[24]  J. Wells,et al.  Measuring body composition , 2005, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

[25]  L. Houtkooper,et al.  Comparison of methods for assessing body-composition changes over 1 y in postmenopausal women. , 2000, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[26]  H. Genant,et al.  Bone Densitometry and Osteoporosis , 1998, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[27]  L. Iacopino,et al.  Comparison of different techniques to measure body composition in moderately active adolescents. , 1998, British journal of sports medicine.

[28]  L. Iacopino,et al.  Effect of supplementation of calcium and vitamin D on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in peri- and post-menopause women; a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. , 2004, Pharmacological research.

[29]  G. Blake,et al.  Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Its Clinical Applications , 2002, Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology.

[30]  S. Heymsfield,et al.  Are dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry regional estimates associated with visceral adipose tissue mass? , 2002, International Journal of Obesity.

[31]  J. Shaw,et al.  Does high-intensity resistance training maintain bone mass during moderate weight loss in older overweight adults with type 2 diabetes? , 2005, Osteoporosis International.

[32]  M. Ishii,et al.  Theory of local distortion in ErO6 cluster: Spontaneous symmetry reduction in lanthanoid octahedrons , 2003 .

[33]  W. Kalender,et al.  Exercise effects on menopausal risk factors of early postmenopausal women: 3-yr Erlangen fitness osteoporosis prevention study results. , 2005, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[34]  S. Kritchevsky,et al.  One- and two-year change in body composition as measured by DXA in a population-based cohort of older men and women. , 2003, Journal of applied physiology.

[35]  J. Buckley,et al.  Estimating Abdominal Adipose Tissue with DXA and Anthropometry , 2007, Obesity.

[36]  A Pietrobelli,et al.  Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: fat estimation errors due to variation in soft tissue hydration. , 1998, The American journal of physiology.

[37]  S Heshka,et al.  Dual-photon absorptiometry: comparison of bone mineral and soft tissue mass measurements in vivo with established methods. , 1989, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[38]  R. Eston,et al.  The regional placement of bone mineral mass, fat mass, and lean soft tissue mass in young adult rugby union players , 2005, Ergonomics.

[39]  A. Wittich,et al.  Body composition of professional football (soccer) players determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry. , 2001, Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry.

[40]  S B Heymsfield,et al.  Use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in body-composition studies: not yet a "gold standard". , 1993, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[41]  A. De Lorenzo,et al.  How fat is obese? , 2003, Acta Diabetologica.

[42]  R. Ross,et al.  Abdominal Adipose Tissue Distribution and Metabolic Risk , 2003, Sports medicine.

[43]  S. Heymsfield,et al.  Weight loss in postmenopausal obesity: no adverse alterations in body composition and protein metabolism. , 2000, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[44]  C Drummer,et al.  Calcium metabolism in microgravity. , 1999, European journal of medical research.

[45]  G. Blake,et al.  Bone densitometry: an update , 2005, The Lancet.

[46]  L. Lands,et al.  Accuracy of measurements of small changes in soft-tissue mass by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. , 1996, Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale.

[47]  W. V. van Staveren,et al.  Dietary supplements and physical exercise affecting bone and body composition in frail elderly persons. , 2000, American journal of public health.

[48]  A. Lorenzo,et al.  The validity of predicted body fat percentage from body mass index and from impedance in samples of five European populations , 2001, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[49]  P. Deedwania,et al.  Current treatment options for the metabolic syndrome , 2005, Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine.

[50]  Harry K. Genant,et al.  Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis. , 1993, The American journal of medicine.