Seasonal changes in stem radius and production of new tracheids in Norway spruce.

The progress of xylem formation in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was measured during one growing season in southern Finland. Stem radius was monitored continuously with band dendrometers, and the formation of new tracheids was determined by examination of small increment cores taken twice weekly. Tracheid production started in June and ceased in August. Xylem formation was fastest in early July, when 0.75-1.25 new tracheids were formed per day. The rate of xylem formation was significantly correlated with mean daily temperature. Synchronous fluctuations in tracheid and lumen diameters were observed at the same relative positions within each annual ring, but no relationship existed between the diameters and weather variables. The timing of changes in stem radius differed from the timing of actual xylem formation. Stem radius increased in April and May, and the fastest daily increments were recorded in June. Increases in stem radius slowed in July, but small increases were measured more than a month after xylem formation had ceased. Daily changes in stem radius were correlated with daily precipitation, reflecting changes in stem water content. Therefore, dendrometers are of dubious value for measuring the timing of actual xylem formation. Small increment cores proved to be useful in assessing actual xylem formation, but the method is laborious.

[1]  A. Cajander,et al.  Forest types and their significance. , 1949 .

[2]  Sven-Olof Andersson.  Om tidpunkten för den årliga diametertillväxtens avslutande hos tall och gran , 1953 .

[3]  Theodore T. Kozlowski,et al.  Diurnal and Seasonal Variation in Radii of Tree Stems , 1964 .

[4]  T. Kozlowski,et al.  Winter shrinkage in stems of forest trees. , 1964 .

[5]  K. Paarlahti,et al.  Results of field experiments on the ecology of Pine, Spruce, and Birch. , 1967 .

[6]  K. Wolter.  A New Method for Marking Xylem Growth , 1968 .

[7]  M. Leikola.  The influence of environmental factors on the diameter growth of forest trees : Auxanometric study. , 1969 .

[8]  R. C. Dobbs,et al.  Distribution of Diurnal Fluctuations in Stem Circumference of Douglas-fir , 1971 .

[9]  F. Molz,et al.  On the Mechanism of Water-Stress-Induced Stem Deformation1 , 1973 .

[10]  J. Parlange,et al.  Water uptake, diameter change, and nonlinear diffusion in tree stems. , 1975, Plant physiology.

[11]  H. Brix,et al.  Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on xylem development in Douglas-fir , 1980 .

[12]  P. Hari,et al.  The Dependence of the Springtime Recovery of CO2 Uptake in Scots Pine on Temperature and Internal Factors , 1980 .

[13]  T. Itoh,et al.  Studies on the Improvement of the Pinning Method for Marking Xylem Growth I. : Minute Examination of Pin Marks in Taeda Pine and other Species , 1981 .

[14]  Helena Henttonen.  The dependence of annual ring indices on some climatic factors. , 1984 .

[15]  S. Lev-Yadun,et al.  The Annual Rhythm of Activity of the Lateral Meristems (Cambium and Phellogen) in Pinus Halepensis Mill. and Pinus Pinea L. , 1984 .

[16]  D. Whitehead,et al.  Photosynthesis and wood structure in Pinus radiata D. Don during dehydration and immediately after rewatering , 1984 .

[17]  H. G. Jones,et al.  DIURNAL CHANGES IN WATER-CONTENT OF THE STEMS OF APPLE-TREES, AS INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION , 1986 .

[18]  Photosynthetic production of Scots pine in the natural environment. , 1988 .

[19]  M. P. Denne,et al.  Definition of Latewood According to Mork (1928) , 1989 .

[20]  李幼升,et al.  Ph , 1989 .

[21]  E. Vaganov,et al.  Components of the Variability of Radial Cell Size in Tree Rings of Conifers , 1989 .

[22]  Growth Variation and Environmental Stresses: Long-Term Observations on Permanent Research Plots in Southwestern Germany , 1990 .

[23]  A. Robertson,et al.  CENTROID OF WOOD DENSITY, BOLE ECCENTRICITY, AND TREE-RING WIDTH IN RELATION TO VECTOR WINDS IN WAVE FORESTS , 1991 .

[24]  O. Dünisch,et al.  Influence of Soil Substrate and Drought on Wood Formation of Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) under Controlled Conditions , 1994 .

[25]  Heikki Hänninen,et al.  Effects of climatic change on trees from cool and temperate regions: an ecophysiological approach to modelling of bud burst phenology , 1995 .

[26]  C. Little,et al.  Control of longitudinal and cambial growth by gibberellins and indole-3-acetic acid in current-year shoots of Pinus sylvestris. , 1997, Tree physiology.

[27]  J. Grace,et al.  Continuous measurements of water tensions in the xylem of trees based on the elastic properties of wood , 1997, Planta.

[28]  K. Kuroda,et al.  Seasonal Rhythms of Xylem Growth Measured by the Wounding Method and With a Band-Dendrometer: An Instance of Chamaecyparis Obtusa , 1997 .

[29]  Heikki Hänninen,et al.  Changing Environmental Effects on Frost Hardiness of Scots Pine During Dehardening , 1997 .

[30]  H. Mäkinen.  Effect of thinning and natural variation in bole roundness in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) , 1998 .

[31]  Radial Growth Dynamics of Spruce (Picea Abies) Measured by Micro-Cores , 1998 .

[32]  T. Nakai,et al.  Effect of the water status within a tree on tracheid morphogenesis in Cryptomeria japonica D. Don , 1999, Trees.

[33]  C. Beadle,et al.  Daily stem growth patterns in irrigated Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens in relation to climate , 1999, Trees.

[34]  F. Schweingruber,et al.  Increment puncher: a tool for extracting small cores of wood and bark from living trees. , 2000 .

[35]  R. Zweifel,et al.  Stem radius changes and their relation to stored water in stems of young Norway spruce trees , 2000, Trees.

[36]  R. Zweifel,et al.  Frost-induced reversible shrinkage of bark of mature subalpine conifers. , 2000 .

[37]  R. Möller,et al.  Seasonal wood formation dynamics of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) as determined by the pinning technique , 2000 .

[38]  H. Mäkinen,et al.  Climatic signal in annual growth variation in damaged and healthy stands of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in southern Finland , 2001, Trees.

[39]  T Vesala,et al.  Tree stem diameter variations and transpiration in Scots pine: an analysis using a dynamic sap flow model. , 2001, Tree physiology.

[40]  J. Partanen,et al.  Effect of accumulated duration of the light period on bud burst in Norway spruce (Picea abies) of varying ages , 2001 .

[41]  P. Hietz,et al.  Wood diameter indicates diurnal and long-term patterns of xylem water potential in Norway spruce , 2001, Trees.

[42]  R. Zweifel,et al.  Link between diurnal stem radius changes and tree water relations. , 2001, Tree physiology.

[43]  S. Payette,et al.  Relationships between anatomical and densitometric characteristics of black spruce and summer temperature at tree line in northern Quebec , 2002 .

[44]  E. Nikinmaa,et al.  Time lags for xylem and stem diameter variations in a Scots pine tree , 2002 .

[45]  H. Spiecker,et al.  Radial growth variation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) across latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in central and northern Europe , 2002 .

[46]  R. Häsler,et al.  Diurnal changes in the radius of a subalpine Norway spruce stem: their relation to the sap flow and their use to estimate transpiration , 1995, Trees.

[47]  S. Lachaud.  Participation of auxin and abscisic acid in the regulation of seasonal variations in cambial activity and xylogenesis , 1989, Trees.

[48]  Lars Lövdahl,et al.  Diurnal changes in the stem diameter of Norway spruce in relation to relative humidity and air temperature , 1992, Trees.

[49]  H. V. Neher.  Effects of pressures inside Monterey pine trees , 1993, Trees.