Tardive dystonia

It is not widely recognized that antipsychotic drugs can cause late-onset and persistent dystonia. This dystonia, which we call tardive dystonia, is to be distinguished from acute dystonic reactions, which are transient, and from classic tardive dyskinesia, which is a choreic disorder that predominantly affects the oral region. We present 42 patients with tardive dystonia. The age of onset of dystonia was 13 to 60 years. Symptoms began after 3 days to 11 years of antipsychotic therapy. Younger patients tended to have more generalized dystonia. In a few patients, spontaneous remission occurred, but dystonia persisted for years in most. Therapy was rarely a complete success. The most frequently helpful medications were tetrabenazine (68% of patients improved) and anticholinergics (39% improved).

[1]  R. Lossius.  [Drug therapy of spasticity]. , 1981, Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke.

[2]  R. Burke,et al.  Delayed-onset dystonia in patients with "static" encephalopathy. , 1980, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[3]  L. Kucharski,et al.  A systematic investigation of tardive dyskinesia in inpatients. , 1979, The American journal of psychiatry.

[4]  C. Crosley,et al.  Dystonia associated with carbamazepine administration: experience in brain-damaged children. , 1979, Pediatrics.

[5]  L. Kucharski,et al.  Tardive dyskinesia: effect of age, sex, and criterion level of symptomatology on prevalence estimates [proceedings]. , 1979, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[6]  R. Baldessarini,et al.  Relationship of the actions of neuroleptic drugs to the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia. , 1979, International review of neurobiology.

[7]  D. D. Dunn,et al.  Sex differences in the prevalence of severe tardive dyskinesia. , 1979, The American journal of psychiatry.

[8]  G. Chouinard,et al.  Factors related to tardive dyskinesia. , 1979, The American journal of psychiatry.

[9]  D. Engelhardt,et al.  Dyskinetic phenomena in children treated with psychotropic medications. , 1978, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[10]  D. Tarsy,et al.  Tardive dyskinesia in young adults. , 1977, The American journal of psychiatry.

[11]  J. Volpe,et al.  Phenytoin‐induced dystonia and choreoathetosis in two retarded epileptic children , 1976, Neurology.

[12]  P. Bray,et al.  A danger of haloperidol therapy in children. , 1976, The Journal of pediatrics.

[13]  C. Marsden.  Dystonia: the spectrum of the disease. , 1976, Research publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease.

[14]  S. Fahn,et al.  Definition of dystonia and classification of the dystonic states. , 1976, Advances in neurology.

[15]  C. Swett.  Drug-induced dystonia. , 1975, The American journal of psychiatry.

[16]  G. Crane.  Persistent Dyskinesia , 1973, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[17]  A. Rajput,et al.  Drug induced dystonia tarda: treatment with L-dopa. , 1973, Diseases of the nervous system.

[18]  H. Hershon,et al.  Extrapyramidal Disorders After Prolonged Phenothiazine Therapy , 1971, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[19]  R. Eldridge.  The torsion dystonias , 1970, Neurology.

[20]  C. Angle,et al.  Persistent dystonia in a brain-damaged child after ingestion of phenothiazine. , 1968, The Journal of pediatrics.

[21]  G. Crane.  Tardive dyskinesia in patients treated with major neuroleptics: a review of the literature. , 1968, The American journal of psychiatry.

[22]  A. Harenko.  Retrocollis as an irreversible late complication of neuroleptic medication. , 2009, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[23]  R. Hunter,et al.  AN APPARENTLY IRREVERSIBLE SYNDROME OF ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS FOLLOWING PHENOTHIAZINE MEDICATION. , 1964, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[24]  D. Janz,et al.  A syndrome of abnormal movements and dementia in leucotomized patients treated with phenothiazines , 1964, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[25]  H. Pakkenberg,et al.  NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN PHARMACOTHERAPY OF PSYCHOSES. , 1964, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[26]  D. Seelinger,et al.  CHRONIC INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS INDUCED BY PHENOTHIAZINES , 1962, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[27]  F. Ayd.  Neuroleptics and extrapyramidal reactions in psychiatric patients. , 1961, Revue canadienne de biologie.