Wireless Integrated Biosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostic Applications

Recent advances in integrated biosensors, wireless communication and power harvesting techniques are enticing researchers into spawning a new breed of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices that have attracted significant interest from industry. Among these, it is the ones equipped with wireless capabilities that drew our attention in this review paper. Indeed, wireless POC devices offer a great advantage, that of the possibility of exerting continuous monitoring of biologically relevant parameters, metabolites and other bio-molecules, relevant to the management of various morbid diseases such as diabetes, brain cancer, ischemia, and Alzheimer’s. In this review paper, we examine three major categories of miniaturized integrated devices, namely; the implantable Wireless Bio-Sensors (WBSs), the wearable WBSs and the handheld WBSs. In practice, despite the aforesaid progress made in developing wireless platforms, early detection of health imbalances remains a grand challenge from both the technological and the medical points of view. This paper addresses such challenges and reports the state-of-the-art in this interdisciplinary field.

[1]  Makoto Ishida,et al.  Design and Fabrication of Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Sensor Chip for Electrochemical Measurement , 2010 .

[2]  Danny Wen-Yaw Chung,et al.  New ISFET interface circuit design with temperature compensation , 2006, Microelectron. J..

[3]  Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh,et al.  Bacteria Growth Monitoring Through a Differential CMOS Capacitive Sensor , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[4]  C. Toumazou,et al.  Weak Inversion ISFETs for ultra-low power biochemical sensing and real-time analysis , 2005 .

[5]  Shekhar Bhansali,et al.  An LTCC-based microfluidic system for label-free, electrochemical detection of cortisol , 2013 .

[6]  R. Thewes,et al.  A fully electronic DNA sensor with 128 positions and in-pixel A/D conversion , 2004, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[7]  A. Errachid,et al.  ION-SENSITIVE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS FABRICATED IN A COMMERCIAL CMOS TECHNOLOGY , 1999 .

[8]  Philip A Starr,et al.  Effect of frequency on subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in primary dystonia. , 2014, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[9]  M. Cima,et al.  Implantable magnetic relaxation sensors measure cumulative exposure to cardiac biomarkers , 2011, Nature Biotechnology.

[10]  S. Kelekçi,et al.  The relationships between clinical outcome and the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and coenzyme Q (CoQ 10) in children with pandemic influenza (H 1 N1) and seasonal flu. , 2012, European review for medical and pharmacological sciences.

[11]  Mohamad Sawan,et al.  CMOS Capacitive Sensors for Lab-on-Chip Applications: A Multidisciplinary Approach , 2010 .

[12]  Mohamad Sawan,et al.  Handheld impedance biosensor system using engineered proteinaceous receptors , 2010, Biomedical microdevices.

[13]  David R. S. Cumming,et al.  A system-on-chip digital pH meter for use in a wireless diagnostic capsule , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[14]  D. Walt,et al.  CMOS Microelectrode Array for Electrochemical Lab-on-a-Chip Applications , 2009, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[15]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Wearable Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review , 2013 .

[16]  Wei Zhou,et al.  Long Term Stability of Nanowire Nanoelectronics in Physiological Environments , 2014, Nano letters.

[17]  C. Toumazou,et al.  ISFET threshold voltage programming in CMOS using electron tunnelling , 2011 .

[18]  Doris Schmitt-Landsiedel,et al.  A digital CMOS-based 24×16 sensor array platform for fully automatic electrochemical DNA detection. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[19]  Wei-Song Wang,et al.  Wide Dynamic Range CMOS Potentiostat for Amperometric Chemical Sensor , 2010, Sensors.

[20]  Christofer Toumazou,et al.  CMOS-based programmable gate ISFET , 2008 .

[21]  E Zanoni,et al.  A fully electronic sensor for the measurement of cDNA hybridization kinetics. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[22]  Christofer Toumazou,et al.  An ISFET based analogue ratiometric method for DNA methylation detection , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

[23]  Melanie Senior,et al.  Novartis signs up for Google smart lens , 2014, Nature Biotechnology.

[24]  Pamela Abshire,et al.  Tracking cancer cell proliferation on a CMOS capacitance sensor chip. , 2008, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[25]  C. Toumazou,et al.  Simultaneous DNA amplification and detection using a pH-sensing semiconductor system , 2013, Nature Methods.

[26]  B. Boser,et al.  A novel magnetic bead bioassay platform using a microchip-based sensor for infectious disease diagnosis. , 2006, Journal of immunological methods.

[27]  E. Ghafar-Zadeh,et al.  Charge-Based Capacitive Sensor Array for CMOS-Based Laboratory-on-Chip Applications , 2006, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[28]  Gary To,et al.  Wireless medical devices: A review of current research and commercial systems , 2013, 2013 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems.

[29]  Christofer Toumazou,et al.  A biochemical translinear principle with weak inversion ISFETs , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[30]  M. Meyerhoff,et al.  Evaluation of commercial glucometer test strips for potential measurement of glucose in tears. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[31]  P. Bergveld.  The operation of an ISFET as an electronic device , 1981 .

[32]  L. Benini,et al.  CMOS DNA Sensor Array With Integrated A/D Conversion Based on Label-Free Capacitance Measurement , 2006, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[33]  M. Lu,et al.  Ultrasensitive detection of avian influenza virus by using CMOS impedimetric sensor arrays , 2012, 2012 IEEE 25th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).

[34]  Y. Nemirovsky,et al.  Low frequency noise and drift in Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistors , 2000 .

[35]  Jang-Kyoo Shin,et al.  Detection of DNA and Protein Molecules Using an FET‐Type Biosensor with Gold as a Gate Metal , 2004 .

[36]  Yu-Te Liao,et al.  A 3μW wirelessly powered CMOS glucose sensor for an active contact lens , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[37]  Graham A. Jullien,et al.  Current-Mirror-Based Potentiostats for Three-Electrode Amperometric Electrochemical Sensors , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[38]  S. Martinoia,et al.  Development of ISFET array-based microsystems for bioelectrochemical measurements of cell populations. , 2001, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[39]  J. Pickup,et al.  Performance assessment of the Medtronic‐MiniMed Continuous Glucose Monitoring System and its use for measurement of glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetic subjects , 2003, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[40]  Jin-Ho Choy,et al.  Avatar DNA Nanohybrid System in Chip-on-a-Phone , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[41]  R. Thewes,et al.  Sensor arrays for fully-electronic DNA detection on CMOS , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.02CH37315).

[42]  Karen L. Smith,et al.  Bioactive Agarose Carbon-Nanotube Composites are Capable of Manipulating Brain-Implant Interface. , 2014, Journal of applied polymer science.

[43]  Albert H. Titus,et al.  Differential read-out architecture for CMOS ISFET microsystems , 2005 .

[44]  H. Eltoukhy,et al.  A 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS bioluminescence detection lab-on-chip , 2006, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[45]  M. J. Milgrew,et al.  A large transistor-based sensor array chip for direct extracellular imaging , 2005 .

[46]  Darrell M Wilson,et al.  Real-time continuous glucose monitor use and patient selection: what have we learned and where are we going? , 2005, Diabetes technology & therapeutics.

[47]  R. Thewes,et al.  A Fully Electronic Label-Free DNA Sensor Chip , 2007, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[48]  N. Jaffrezic‐Renault,et al.  A simple REFET for pH detection in differential mode , 1999 .

[49]  I. M. Kolthoff,et al.  Acid-Base Equilibria in Acetonitrile. Spectrophotometric and Conductometric Determination of the Dissociation of Various Acids1 , 1961 .

[50]  An H+-FET-based system for on-line detection of microorganisms in waters , 1996 .

[51]  Jiankun Hu,et al.  An Energy Efficient Key Management Scheme for Body Sensor Networks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[52]  Chih-Heng Lin,et al.  Ultrasensitive and label-free detection of pathogenic avian influenza DNA by using CMOS impedimetric sensors. , 2012, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[53]  Timothy G. Constandinou,et al.  A multichannel DNA SoC for rapid point-of-care gene detection , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC).

[54]  Daniel B. Kramer,et al.  FDA approval of cardiac implantable electronic devices via original and supplement premarket approval pathways, 1979-2012. , 2014, JAMA.

[55]  Lin Li,et al.  CMOS Amperometric Instrumentation and Packaging for Biosensor Array Applications , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[56]  F. V. Santos,et al.  New ISFET sensor interface circuit for biomedical applications , 1999 .

[57]  D. Schmitt-Landsiedel,et al.  A 24x16 CMOS-Based Chronocoulometric DNA Microarray , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Solid State Circuits Conference - Digest of Technical Papers.

[58]  Douglas L Marshall,et al.  Immunosensors for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 - perspectives for use in the meat processing industry. , 2008, Food microbiology.

[59]  Sunil Purushothaman,et al.  Protons and single nucleotide polymorphism detection: A simple use for the Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor , 2006 .

[60]  Andrés Felipe Sandoval Cruz,et al.  A low-cost miniaturized potentiostat for point-of-care diagnosis. , 2014, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[61]  T. Lee,et al.  A Programmable 0.18-$\mu\hbox{m}$ CMOS Electrochemical Sensor Microarray for Biomolecular Detection , 2006, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[62]  Hao Yu,et al.  High density CMOS electrode array for high-throughput and automated cell counting , 2013 .

[63]  Ping Gong,et al.  Real-time, multiplexed electrochemical DNA detection using an active complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor biosensor array with integrated sensor electronics. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[64]  Lei Yao,et al.  CMOS Conductometric System for Growth Monitoring and Sensing of Bacteria , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[65]  Y. Nemirovsky,et al.  1/f noise in ion sensitive field effect transistors from subthreshold to saturation , 1999 .

[66]  Joshua R. Stachel,et al.  Carbon Nanotube Chemiresistor for Wireless pH Sensing , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[67]  A. Nathan,et al.  An impedance-based integrated biosensor for suspended DNA characterization , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[68]  Michael C. McAlpine,et al.  Graphene-based wireless bacteria detection on tooth enamel , 2012, Nature Communications.

[69]  Elisa Michelini,et al.  A 3D-printed device for a smartphone-based chemiluminescence biosensor for lactate in oral fluid and sweat. , 2014, The Analyst.

[70]  S. Kannan,et al.  Update on bacterial nosocomial infections. , 2012, European review for medical and pharmacological sciences.

[71]  G A Jullien,et al.  A Wireless-Implantable Microsystem for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[72]  D. Cumming,et al.  Design of a Single-Chip pH Sensor Using a Conventional 0 . 6-m CMOS Process , 2004 .

[73]  Arica A Lubin,et al.  Single-step electronic detection of femtomolar DNA by target-induced strand displacement in an electrode-bound duplex , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[74]  Piet Bergveld,et al.  Thirty years of ISFETOLOGY ☆: What happened in the past 30 years and what may happen in the next 30 years , 2003 .

[75]  Christofer Toumazou,et al.  Chemical log-domain filter , 2009 .

[76]  D. Cumming,et al.  Design of a single-chip pH sensor using a conventional 0.6-/spl mu/m CMOS process , 2004, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[77]  Kofi A. A. Makinwa,et al.  A 256 Pixel Magnetoresistive Biosensor Microarray in 0.18 µm CMOS , 2013, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[78]  K.L. Shepard,et al.  Active CMOS Sensor Array for Electrochemical Biomolecular Detection , 2008, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[79]  Bernard P. Puc,et al.  An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing , 2011, Nature.

[80]  R. Branson,et al.  Infection control in mass respiratory failure: preparing to respond to H1N1. , 2010, Critical care medicine.

[81]  Christofer Toumazou,et al.  ISFET threshold voltage programming in CMOS using hot-electron injection , 2009 .

[82]  A. Hierlemann.  Integrated chemical microsensor systems in CMOS-technology , 2005, The 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, 2005. Digest of Technical Papers. TRANSDUCERS '05..

[83]  Sanat S Bhole,et al.  Soft Microfluidic Assemblies of Sensors, Circuits, and Radios for the Skin , 2014, Science.