Physiology and pathology of growth — studies in GH transgenic mice

Summary Transgenic mice carrying fusion genes in which the genes coding for human growth hormone (hGH) or bovine growth hormone (bGH) have been put under the transcriptional control of the mouse metallothionein I promoter (MT) or the rat phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter (PEPCK) were investigated with respect to transgene expression, phenotypical, clinical and pathomorphological changes. Serum levels of heterologous GH ranged from 1200 to 900 000 ng/ml, from 320 to 3940 ng/ml and from 34 to 1400 ng/ml in transgenic individuals belonging to the MThGH, PEPCKbGH and MTbGH transgenic group, respectively. Transgene expression was detected in a wide variety of tissues in MTGH transgenic mice, and in the hepatocytes and kidney tubular epithelia in PEPCKbGH transgenic mice. GH transgene expression resulted in stimulated growth of the body, skeleton, muscles and internal organs, endocrine and metabolic changes, a shortening of life-span and a variety of pathological changes, with kidney and liver lesions being predominant. Although similar maximum body weights were reached by mice resulting from long-term selection for high body weight, the pattern of their growth was markedly different from that of GH transgenic mice. The pathological findings point to GH transgenic mice as valuable models for studying the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis and the mechanisms involved in the progression of chronic renal failure as well as for investigations into the multistep process of hepatocarcinogenesis. Observations in GH transgenic mice further suggest that the benefits and risks of long-term GH administration in individuals that do not exhibit the symptoms of GH deficiency should be carefully evaluated. Zusammenfassung Physiologie und Pathologie des Wachstums–Studien an GH-transgenen Mausen Transgene Mause, die Kopien eines MT (muriner Metallothionein I-Promotor) — hGH (human growth hormone) respektive eines MTbGH (bovine growth hormone) oder eines PEPCK (Phos-phoenolpyruvat Carboxykinase-Promotor der Ratte) — bGH Genkonstruktes im Genom integriert haben, wurden in bezug auf die Transgenexpression sowie phanotypische, klinische und pathomorpho-logische Veranderungen untersucht. Die Konzentrationen der heterologen Wachstumshormone im Serum reichten von 1200 bis 900 000 ng/ml bei den MThGH, von 320 bis 3940 ng/ml bei den PEPCKbGH und von 34 bis 1400 ng/ml bei den MTbGH transgenen Individuen. Bei MTGH transgenen Mausen wurden Expressionsprodukte der Transgene in einer Vielzahl von Geweben detektiert. Eine Expression des PEPCKbGH Transgens war in Hepatozyten und renalen Tubulusepithelzellen nachweisbar. Die Transgenexpression bewirkte eine beschleunigte Entwicklung und Steigerung des Korpergewichts, eine Stimulation des Knochen- und Muskelwachstums sowie eine Viszeromegalie, ging mit Veranderungen von endokrinen und klinisch-chemischen Parametern einher und hatte eine Verkuml;rzung der Lebensdauer sowie regelmasig die Entwicklung einer Reihe von organpathologischen Alterationen zur Folge, wobei renale und hepatische Alterationen vordergrundig waren. Der Vergleich von GH transgenen Mausen mit Mausen einer auf hohes Korpergewicht selektierten Linie ergab keine Differenzen hinsichtlich des maximalen Korpergewichts, jedoch entscheidende Unterschiede in der Art der zugrundeliegenden Wachstumsprozesse. Die organpathologischen Veranderungen GH transgener Mause bieten ein wertvolles Modell fur das Studium der Pathogenese der Glomerulosklerose und der Progredienz der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz sowie zur Untersuchung des Mehrstufenprozesses der Hepatokarzinogenese. Die bei diesen Tieren geraachten Beobachtungen geben ferner Anlas, auf die Notwendigkeit einer sorgfaltigen Abwagung des erwarteten Nutzens und der potentiellen Risiken einer Langzeitbehandlung von normosomatotropen Individuen mit GH hinzuweisen.

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