Efficient Non-doped Near Infrared Organic Light-Emitting Devices Based on Fluorophores with Aggregation-Induced Emission Enhancement

A family of donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) type near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores containing rigid nonplanar conjugated tetraphenylethene (TPE) moieties was designed and synthesized through Stille coupling reactions with electron-deficient [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline (QTD) or benzo[1,2-c;4,5-c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole (BBTD) as acceptors. The absorption, fluorescence, and electrochemical properties were studied. These compounds exhibited good aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) property, as a result of the twisted TPE units, which restrict the intramolecular rotation and reduce the π–π stacking. Photoluminescence of these chromophores ranges from 600 to 1100 nm, and their HOMO–LUMO gaps are between 1.85 and 1.50 eV. Non-doped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on these fluorophores were made and exhibited EL emission spectra peaking from 706 to 864 nm. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of these devices ranged from 0.89% to 0.20% and remained fairly constant over a range of cur...

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