Imaging of groundwater with nuclear magnetic resonance

0079-6 doi:10. E-m 2.1. Basic principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 2.2. The surface NMR signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 2.2.1. The magnetic fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 2.2.2. The vector spin magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 2.2.3. The NMR signal for surface loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 2.2.4. Isolating the integral kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 3. Inversion of surface NMR data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 3.1. 1-D investigations: magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 3.1.1. Fixed geometry inversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 3.1.2. Variable geometry inversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 3.1.3. Reliability of water content estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 3.2. 2-D investigations: magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 4. Relaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 4.1. Relaxation processes in rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 4.2. Acquisition of relaxation parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 4.3. Observed data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 4.4. Limitations of current schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 5. Limitations of the surface NMR method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 5.1. Influence of the Earth’s magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 5.2. Influence of the sub-surface conductivity distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 6. Field data example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 7. Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

[1]  Jean-Michel Vouillamoz,et al.  Magnetic Resonance Sounding Applied to Aquifer Characterization , 2004, Ground water.

[2]  Ugur Yaramanci,et al.  Forward modeling and inversion of MRS relaxation signals using multi-exponential decomposition , 2005 .

[3]  Lizhi Xiao,et al.  NMR logging : principles and applications , 1999 .

[4]  Susan A. Murphy,et al.  Monographs on statistics and applied probability , 1990 .

[5]  W. E. Kenyon,et al.  Petrophysical Principles of Applications of NMR Logging , 1997 .

[6]  M. Descloîtres,et al.  Characterization of crystalline basement aquifers with MRS : comparison with boreholes and pumping tests data in Burkina Faso , 2005 .

[7]  E. R. Andrew,et al.  Nuclear Magnetic Resonance , 1955 .

[8]  T. Günther,et al.  Three‐dimensional modelling and inversion of dc resistivity data incorporating topography – II. Inversion , 2006 .

[9]  M. Hertrich.  Magnetic Resonance Sounding with separated transmitter and receiver loops for the investigation of 2D water content distributions , 2005 .

[10]  Ugur Yaramanci,et al.  Joint inversion of Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Vertical Electrical Sounding , 2002 .

[11]  J. Roy,et al.  MRS contribution to hydrogeological system parametrization , 2005 .

[12]  Jean-Michel Baltassat,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance as a geophysical tool for hydrogeologists , 2002 .

[13]  B. Chatenoux,et al.  Efficiency of joint use of MRS and VES to characterize coastal aquifer in Myanmar , 2007 .

[14]  J. LEE,et al.  Nuclear Magnetic Resonance , 1968, Nature.

[15]  Peter B. Weichman,et al.  Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Large Systems , 1999 .

[16]  Ugur Yaramanci,et al.  Smooth and block inversion of surface NMR amplitudes and decay times using simulated annealing , 2002 .

[17]  K. Brownstein,et al.  Importance of classical diffusion in NMR studies of water in biological cells , 1979 .

[18]  Peter B. Weichman,et al.  Study of surface nuclear magnetic resonance inverse problems , 2002 .

[19]  T. Günther,et al.  Three‐dimensional modelling and inversion of dc resistivity data incorporating topography – II. Inversion , 2006 .

[20]  Ugur Yaramanci,et al.  Magnetic resonance sounding , 2008 .

[21]  A. Guillén,et al.  Application of linear programming techniques to the inversion of proton magnetic resonance measurements for water prospecting from the surface , 2002 .

[22]  Ugur Yaramanci,et al.  Magnetic resonance soundings with separated transmitter and receiver loops , 2005 .

[23]  Ugur Yaramanci,et al.  Foreword from the guest editors , 2002 .

[24]  Anatoly Legchenko,et al.  Processing of surface proton magnetic resonance signals using non-linear fitting , 1998 .

[25]  H. Carr,et al.  The Principles of Nuclear Magnetism , 1961 .

[26]  Thomas Günther,et al.  Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Tomography , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[27]  Inversions of surface-NMR signals using complex kernels , 2003 .

[28]  A. Guillén,et al.  Inversion of surface nuclear magnetic resonance data by an adapted Monte Carlo method applied to water resource characterization , 2002 .

[29]  Anatoly Legchenko,et al.  Inversion of surface NMR data , 1998 .

[30]  M. Goldman,et al.  Detection of the water level in fractured phreatic aquifers using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) geophysical measurements , 1996 .

[31]  Johnson,et al.  Magnetization evolution in connected pore systems. , 1991, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[32]  Weichman,et al.  Theory of surface nuclear magnetic resonance with applications to geophysical imaging problems , 2000, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[33]  D. V. Trushkin,et al.  Surface NMR applied to an electroconductive medium1 , 1995 .

[34]  Ugur Yaramanci,et al.  Aquifer characterisation using Surface NMR jointly with other geophysical techniques at the Nauen/Berlin test site , 2002 .

[35]  Mark Goldman,et al.  Application of the integrated NMR-TDEM method in groundwater exploration in Israel , 1994 .

[36]  Ugur Yaramanci,et al.  Study on complex inversion of magnetic resonance sounding signals , 2005 .

[37]  Martina Braun,et al.  Influence of the resistivity on Magnetic Resonance Sounding: 1D inversion and 2D modelling , 2007 .

[38]  W. Menke.  Geophysical data analysis : discrete inverse theory , 1984 .

[39]  O. Shushakov.  Groundwater NMR in conductive water , 1996 .

[40]  A. Legchenko,et al.  A new direct non-invasive groundwater detection technology for Australia , 1991 .

[41]  M. Levitt.  Spin Dynamics: Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance , 2001 .

[42]  Clifford H. Thurber,et al.  Parameter estimation and inverse problems , 2005 .

[43]  G. W. Hohmann,et al.  4. Electromagnetic Theory for Geophysical Applications , 1987 .