Flame-Retarding Plastics and Elastomers with Melamine

Melamine has shown broad utility as a flame retardant in plastics although its commercial use to date as a flame retardant additive has been principally in coatings and flexible urethane foams. Its mode of action appears to involve endothermic sublimation and vapor-phase dissociation, but it also undergoes conversion to non-volatile products and ammonia. Combinations of melamine with other flame retardants of all types have been reported as hav ing advantageous performance. The present review covers the patent and non- patent literature with 130 references.**

[1]  D. Puechberty,et al.  Experimental Study of Methane-Oxygen Flames Doped with Nitrogen Oxide or Ammonia. Comparison with Modeling , 1992 .

[2]  Tokio Morikawa,et al.  Toxicity of the Atmosphere in an Upstairs Room Caused by Inflow of Fire Effluent Gases Rising from a Burn Room , 1993 .

[3]  Kwan-Nan Yeh,et al.  Pyrolysis and Combustion of Cellulose , 1971 .

[4]  H. Vandersall,et al.  Intumescent coating system, their development and chemistry , 1971 .

[5]  G. Camino,et al.  Thermal degradation and fire retardancy of antimony and bismuth trihalides-melamine complexes , 1991 .

[6]  J. T. Hughes,et al.  Evidence for flame extinguishment by thermal mechanisms , 1989 .

[7]  J. T. Hughes,et al.  The Extinction of Hydrocarbon Flames Based on the Heat Absorption Processes Which Occur in Them , 1984 .

[8]  M. M. Hirschler,et al.  Carbon monoxide and human lethality : fire and non-fire studies , 1993 .

[9]  B. Haynes.  The oxidation of hydrogen cyanide in fuel-rich flames☆ , 1977 .

[10]  A. M. Batt,et al.  The Mechanism and Performance of Combustion Modified Flexible Foams in Small Scale Fire Tests , 1989 .

[11]  B. C. Levin,et al.  Synergistic effects of nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide following acute inhalation exposures in rats , 1989 .

[12]  G. Camino,et al.  Mechanism of thermal degradation of fire retardant melamine salts , 1990 .

[13]  C. F. Cullis,et al.  Studies of the effects of phosphorus-nitrogen-bromine systems on the combustion of some thermoplastic polymers , 1991 .

[14]  M. M. Hirschler,et al.  Fire hazard and fire risk assessment , 1992 .

[15]  G. B. Skinner,et al.  Effects of various inhibitors on hydrogen-air flame speeds , 1963 .

[16]  E. Weil,et al.  Some Practical and Theoretical Aspects of Melamine as a Flame Retardant , 1995 .

[17]  G. Camino,et al.  Thermal behaviour of melamine , 1988 .

[18]  B. Haynes,et al.  The influence of gaseous additives on the formation of soot in premixed flames , 1982 .

[19]  B. Haynes.  Production of nitrogen compounds from molecular nitrogen in fuel-rich hydrocarbon-air flames , 1977 .

[20]  Van Wazer,et al.  Phosphorus and its compounds , 1958 .

[21]  M. Hirschler,et al.  Red phosphorus as a flame retardant for a thermoplastic nitrogen-containing polymer , 1984 .

[22]  O. M. Grace,et al.  Melamine Modified Polyurethane Foam , 1985 .

[23]  P. Vandevelde,et al.  Combustion Behaviour of Polyurethane Flexible Foams under Cone Calorimetry Test Conditions , 1992, Cellular Polymers.

[24]  R.S.L. Vanspeybroeck,et al.  Horizontal Burn Test at Different Oxygen Levels: A Small Scale Screening Test for Flexible Polyurethane Foam with Excellent Correlation to the BS 5852 Part 2 Source 5 , 1990 .

[25]  Y. Tsuchiya,et al.  Relative Signigicance Of Nox And Hcn In Fire Gas Toxicity , 1989 .

[26]  C. F. Cullis,et al.  The combustion of organic polymers , 1981 .