10. The intonation of nominal parentheticals in Japanese

The issue that I take up in this paper is the cross-linguistic variation in the number of prosodic levels, focusing on the case of Japanese. Some previous work on Japanese intonation, including those on J-ToBI and XJToBI, has not posited an Intonational Phrase (IntP), a level above a Major Phrase and below an Utterance (Beckman and Pierrehumbert, 1986; Pierrehumbert and Beckman, 1988; Maekawa et al. , 2002; Venditti, 2005). However, it has been proposed that an IntP plays a role in many other languages  for example, in Italian, an IntP defines a domain of spirantization (Nespor and Vogel, 1986: 205211); in English, an IntP is signaled by socalled ‘comma intonation’ with a distinct pause and boundary tones (Nespor and Vogel, 1986; Selkirk, 2005).

[1]  Bruce Theodore Downing,et al.  Syntactic structure and phonological phrasing in English , 1970 .

[2]  Vieri Samek-Lodivici.  Opposite constraints: Left and right focus-alignment in Kanakuru , 1998 .

[3]  Hubert Truckenbrodt,et al.  On the Relation between Syntactic Phrases and Phonological Phrases , 1999, Linguistic Inquiry.

[4]  Ellen M. Kaisse,et al.  The syntax of Xiamen tone sandhi , 1987, Phonology.

[5]  Hubert Truckenbrodt,et al.  A short report on intonation phrase boundaries in German , 2005 .

[6]  Hubert Truckenbrodt.  The syntax–phonology interface , 2007 .

[7]  D. Robert Ladd,et al.  Intonational phrasing: the case for recursive prosodic structure , 1986, Phonology.

[8]  Shigeto Kawahara,et al.  The Intonation of Gapping and Coordination in Japanese: Evidence for Intonational Phrase and Utterance , 2008, Phonetica.

[9]  S. Jun,et al.  Prosodic typology : the phonology of intonation and phrasing , 2014 .

[10]  T. Vance,et al.  Japanese/Korean linguistics , 1999 .

[11]  Elisabeth Selkirk,et al.  The Interaction of Constraints on Prosodic Phrasing , 2000 .

[12]  Mariko Sugahara,et al.  Degree of Initial Lowering in Japanese as a Reflex of Prosodic Structure Organization , 2003 .

[13]  Dwight L. Bolinger,et al.  Intonation and Its Uses: Melody in Grammar and Discourse , 1989 .

[14]  D. Robert Ladd,et al.  Papers in Laboratory Phonology: Metrical representation of pitch register , 1990 .

[15]  Paul de Lacy,et al.  Constraint Universality and Prosodic Phrasing in Māori , 2002 .

[16]  Ellen M. Kaisse,et al.  Government and tonal phrasing in Papago , 1987, Phonology.

[17]  Elisabeth Selkirk.  The Syntax‐Phonology Interface , 2011 .

[18]  J. Pierrehumbert,et al.  Intonational structure in Japanese and English , 1986, Phonology.

[19]  Paul Boersma,et al.  Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer , 2002 .

[20]  Junko Ito,et al.  Prosodic Adjunction in Japanese Compounds , 2006 .

[21]  E. Selkirk.  On derived domains in sentence phonology , 1986, Phonology.

[22]  E. Selkirk,et al.  Phase theory and prosodic spellout: The case of verbs , 2007 .

[23]  Elisabeth Selkirk,et al.  Phonology and Syntax: The Relation between Sound and Structure , 1984 .

[24]  P. Smolensky,et al.  Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar , 2004 .

[25]  Armin Mester,et al.  9. Recursive prosodic phrasing in Japanese , 2009 .

[26]  B. Hayes.  Metrical Stress Theory: Principles and Case Studies , 1995 .

[27]  Christopher Potts.  The logic of conventional implicatures , 2004 .

[28]  D. Ladd.  Declination ‘‘reset’’ and the hierarchical organization of utterances , 1988 .

[29]  E. Selkirk,et al.  Syntax and Downstep in Japanese , 1991 .

[30]  Elisabeth Selkirk,et al.  The Prosodic Structure of Function Words , 2008 .

[31]  Hubert Truckenbrodt,et al.  Upstep and embedded register levels , 2002, Phonology.

[32]  Haruo Kubozono.  The organization of Japanese prosody , 1987 .

[33]  Hideaki Kikuchi,et al.  X-JToBI: an extended j-toBI for spontaneous speech , 2002, INTERSPEECH.

[34]  Zsuzsanna Fagyal.  Intonation in utterance-medial parentheticals and the syntax-phonology interface in French , 2001 .

[35]  J. Pierrehumbert,et al.  Japanese Tone Structure , 1988 .

[36]  William E. Cooper,et al.  Fundamental Frequency in Sentence Production , 1981 .

[37]  Junko Ito,et al.  The onset of the prosodic word , 2007 .

[38]  Carol Georgopoulos,et al.  Interdisciplinary approaches to language : essays in honor of S.-Y. Kuroda , 1992 .

[39]  Duane G. Watson,et al.  The relationship between intonational phrasing and syntactic structure in language production , 2004 .

[40]  Nicole Dehé,et al.  Clausal parentheticals, intonational phrasing, and prosodic theory1 , 2009, Journal of Linguistics.

[41]  Sónia Frota,et al.  Comments on Intonational Phrasing in English , 2005 .

[42]  Josef Taglicht,et al.  Constraints on intonational phrasing in English , 1998, Journal of Linguistics.