Geothermal Energy: From Theoretical Models to Exploration and Development

1. Thermal Structure of the Earth.-1.1 Renewable Energies, Global Aspects.- 1.2 Internal Structure of the Earth.- 1.3 Energy budget of the planet.- 1.4 Heat transport and thermal parameters.- 1.5 Brief outline of methods for measuring thermal parameters.- 2. History of Geothermal Energy Use.- 2.1 Early utilization of geothermal energy.- 2.2 History of Utilization of Geothermal Energy in the last 150 Years .- 3. Geothermal Energy Resources.- 3.1 Energy.- 3.2 Significance of "renewable" energies.- 3.3 Status of geothermal energy utilization.- 3.4 Geothermal energy sources.- 4. Application of Geothermal Energy.- 4.1 Near surface Geothermal Systems.- 4.2 Deep Geothermal Systems.- 4.3 Efficiency of geothermal systems.- 4.4 Major geothermal fields, high enthalpy fields.- 5. Potentials and Perspectives of Geothermal Utilization.- 6. Geothermal Probes.- 6.1 Planning Principles .- 6.2 Construction of ground source heat exchangers.- 6.3 Dimensioning and design of geothermal probes.- 6.4 Drilling methods for borehole heat exchanger.- 6.5 Backfill and grouting of geothermal probes.- 6.6 Construction of deep geothermal probes.- 6.7 Operating geothermal probes: Potential risks, malfunctions and damages.- 6.8 Special systems and further developments.- 7. Geothermal Well Systems.- 7.1 Building geothermal well systems.- 7.2 Chemical aspects of two-well systems.- 7.3 Thermal range of influence, numerical models.- 8. Hydrothermal Systems, Geothermal Doublets.- 8.1 Geology and tectonic structure of the underground.- 8.2 Thermal and hydraulic properties of the target aquifer.- 8.3 Hydraulic and thermal range of hydrothermal doublets.- 8.4 Hydrochemistry of hot waters from great depth.- 8.5 Reservoir-improving measures, Efficiency-boosting measures, Stimulation.- 8.6 Productivity risk, Exploration risk, Economic efficiency.- 8.7 Some site examples of hydrothermal systems.- 8.8 Project planning of hydrothermal power systems.- 9. Enhanced-Geothermal-Systems (EGS), Hot-Dry-Rock Systems (HDR), Deep-Heat-Mining (DHM).- 9.1 Techniques, procedures, strategies, aims.- 9.2 Historical development of the hydraulic fracturing technology, early HDR sites.- 9.3 Stimulation procedures.- 9.4 Experience and dealing with micro-seismicity.- 9.5 Recommendations, Notes.- 10.Environmental Issues Related to Deep Geothermal Systems.- 10.1 Seismicity related to EGS projects.- 10.2 Interaction between geothermal system operation and the subsurface.- 10.3 Environmental issues related to surface installations and operation.- 11. Drilling techniques for deep wellbores.- 13. Geophysical methods, exploration and analysis.- 12.1 Geophysical pre-drilling exploration, seismic investigations.- 12.2 Geophysical well logging and data interpretation.- 13.Testing the hydraulic properties of the drilled formations.- 13.1 Principles of hydraulic testing.- 13.2 Types of tests, planning and implementation, evaluation procedures.- 13.3 Tracer Experiments.- 13.4 Temperature evaluation methods.- 14. The chemical composition of deep geothermal waters and its consequences for planning and operating a geothermal power plant.- 14.1 Sampling and laboratory analyses.- 14.2 Deep geothermal waters, data and interpretation.- 14.3 Mineral scales and materials corrosion.- 15. References