Role of adjuvants in the management of anthracnose - change in the crystal morphology and wetting properties of fungicides.

The hydrophobic wax layer of pepper fruit (Capsicum frutescens L.) increases the importance of selecting adjuvants that improve the wetting property of droplets on the target organism and increase the effective utilization of fungicides. In this study, the effect of adjuvants including nonionic, cationic, organosilicone and oils on the wettability of fungicides was determined. The critical micelle concentrations for S903 (organosilicone), 1227 (cationic), AEO-5 (nonionic), GY-Tmax (oil) and XP-2 (oil) were 25, 1000, 100, 200 and 500 mg/L, respectively. Interface behaviors and in vivo tests suggested that adjuvants at appropriate concentrations (S903: 2.5 mg/L; 1227: 100 mg/L; AEO-5: 1 mg/L; GY-Tmax: 50 mg/L; and XP-2: 5 mg/L) resulted in optimum efficiency. Adjuvants significantly increased the inhibitory activity of pyraclostrobin against the mycelial growth, spore germination and germ tube elongation of Colletotrichum scovillei by 41.3-58.8%, 28.2-44.6%, and 27.8-39.8%, respectively. Pyraclostrobin amended with S903 and XP-2 showed higher efficacy against anthracnose than the fungicide alone on pepper fruit. The increased efficacy may have resulted from the changed crystal morphology (ellipses of similar sizes), improved wettability and rainfastness. A structural equation model indicated that surface tension and retention play the most important roles in the application properties of fungicide. In field experiments, the efficacy of pyraclostrobin with adjuvants showed no significant difference with pyraclostrobin alone that indicated except for adjuvants other spraying technologies are important for improving the field performance of fungicides. These results provide a foundation for the synthesis of highly efficient fungicides based on crystal structure and for the sustainable management of pepper anthracnose.