A Single-Sensor-Based MPPT Controller for Wind-Driven Induction Generators Supplying DC Microgrid

In this paper, a simple method of tracking the maximum power (MP) available in the wind energy conversion system (WECS) for dc microgrid application is proposed. A three-phase diode bridge rectifier along with a dc-dc converter has been employed between the terminals of a wind-driven induction generator and dc microgrid. Induction generator is being operated in self-excited mode with excitation capacitor at stator. The output current of the dc-dc converter, i.e., dc-grid current is considered as a control variable to track the MP in the proposed WECS. Thus, the proposed algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is independent of the machine and wind-turbine parameters. This algorithm has been implemented using dsPIC30F4011 controller. Furthermore, a method has been developed for determining the duty ratio of the dc-dc converter for operating the proposed system in MPPT condition using wind-turbine characteristics, steady-state equivalent circuit of a induction generator, and power balance in power converters. Circuit simplicity and simple control algorithm are the major advantages of the proposed configuration for supplying power to the dc microgrid from the proposed small-scale WECS. The successful working of the proposed algorithm for MPPT has been demonstrated with extensive experimental results along with the simulated values.

[1]  V. Agarwal,et al.  A Novel Scheme for Rapid Tracking of Maximum Power Point in Wind Energy Generation Systems , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[2]  N. Kumaresan,et al.  Major methods of steady-state analysis of three-phase SEIGs - A summary , 2012, 2012 IEEE Third International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET).

[3]  N. Kumaresan,et al.  Analysis and control of self-excited induction generator-converter systems for battery charging applications , 2011 .

[4]  Liuchen Chang,et al.  An intelligent maximum power extraction algorithm for inverter-based variable speed wind turbine systems , 2004 .

[5]  Gilsung Byeon,et al.  Energy Management Strategy of the DC Distribution System in Buildings Using the EV Service Model , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[6]  Tomonobu Senjyu,et al.  A hybrid smart AC/DC power system , 2010, ICIEA 2010.

[7]  T. Senjyu,et al.  Speed and Position Sensor-less Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Wind Generation System with Squirrel Cage Induction Generator , 2006, 2006 IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[8]  J Lago,et al.  Operation and Control-Oriented Modeling of a Power Converter for Current Balancing and Stability Improvement of DC Active Distribution Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[9]  N. Kumaresan.  Analysis and control of three-phase self-excited induction generators supplying single-phase AC and DC loads , 2005 .

[10]  Juan C. Vasquez,et al.  An Improved Droop Control Method for DC Microgrids Based on Low Bandwidth Communication With DC Bus Voltage Restoration and Enhanced Current Sharing Accuracy , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[11]  Debaprasad Kastha,et al.  Control Scheme for a Stand-Alone Wind Energy Conversion System , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[12]  A. N. Barreto,et al.  Self-excited induction generator/force-commutated rectifier system operating as a DC power supply , 1987 .

[13]  Nicholas Jenkins.  Distributed Generation , 2010 .

[14]  Abdulrahman L. Alolah,et al.  Optimization-based steady state analysis of three phase self-excited induction generator , 2000 .

[15]  Tsai-Fu Wu,et al.  DC-Bus Voltage Control With a Three-Phase Bidirectional Inverter for DC Distribution Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[16]  H. Kakigano,et al.  Distribution Voltage Control for DC Microgrids Using Fuzzy Control and Gain-Scheduling Technique , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[17]  Chung-Yuen Won,et al.  Transient Response Improvement at Startup of a Three-Phase AC/DC Converter for a DC Distribution System in Commercial Facilities , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[18]  N. Kumaresan,et al.  Analysis and control of capacitor-excited induction generators connected to a micro-grid through power electronic converters , 2015 .

[19]  A. Yazdani,et al.  A Control Methodology and Characterization of Dynamics for a Photovoltaic (PV) System Interfaced With a Distribution Network , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[20]  K. H. Ahmed,et al.  A New Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion System , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[21]  Zhe Chen,et al.  Overview of different wind generator systems and their comparisons , 2008 .

[22]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[23]  Yaow-Ming Chen,et al.  MPPT Battery Charger for Stand-Alone Wind Power System , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[24]  N. Kumaresan,et al.  Analysis and control of wind-driven self-excited induction generators connected to the grid through power converters , 2012 .

[25]  Bhim Singh,et al.  General steady-state analysis of three-phase self-excited induction generator feeding three-phase unbalanced load/single-phase load for stand-alone applications , 2003 .

[26]  Nikos D. Hatziargyriou,et al.  Integrating distributed generation into electric power systems: A review of drivers, challenges and opportunities , 2007 .

[27]  Zhe Chen,et al.  A Review of the State of the Art of Power Electronics for Wind Turbines , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[28]  Ronnie Belmans,et al.  Distributed generation: definition, benefits and issues , 2005 .

[29]  Fook Hoong Choo,et al.  Harmonizing AC and DC: A Hybrid AC/DC Future Grid Solution , 2013, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[30]  Weixing Li,et al.  On voltage standards for DC home microgrids energized by distributed sources , 2012, Proceedings of The 7th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference.

[31]  N. Hatziargyriou,et al.  Microgrids: an overview of ongoing research, development, anddemonstration projects , 2007 .

[32]  M. R. Krishnamurthy,et al.  Wind-driven self-excited pole-changing induction generators , 1986 .

[33]  Jih-Sheng Lai,et al.  New Overall Control Strategy for Small-Scale WECS in MPPT and Stall Regions With Mode Transfer Control , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[34]  B. G. Fernandes,et al.  Distributed Control to Ensure Proportional Load Sharing and Improve Voltage Regulation in Low-Voltage DC Microgrids , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[35]  Abraham Lomi,et al.  Modeling of wind energy system with MPPT control , 2011, Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics.

[36]  Mouloud Denai,et al.  A simple maximum power point tracking based control strategy applied to a variable speed squirrel cage induction generator , 2012 .

[37]  Mohamed Orabi,et al.  Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Scheme for Grid Connected Variable Speed Wind Driven Self-Excited Induction Generator , 2006 .

[38]  Dong Chen,et al.  Control and Operation of a DC Microgrid With Variable Generation and Energy Storage , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[39]  R.C. Bansal,et al.  Three-phase self-excited induction generators: an overview , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[40]  N. Kumaresan,et al.  Performance predetermination of variable speed wind-driven grid connected SEIGs , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES).

[41]  Xiaodong Li,et al.  A Utility-Interfaced Phase-Modulated High-Frequency Isolated Dual LCL DC/AC Converter , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[42]  Jayashri Ravishankar,et al.  Simple power electronic controller for photovoltaic fed grid-tied systems using line commutated inverter with fixed firing angle , 2014 .

[43]  Kai Strunz,et al.  DC Microgrid for Wind and Solar Power Integration , 2014, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[44]  B. Singh,et al.  General steady-state analysis of three-phase self-excited induction generator feeding three-phase unbalanced load/single-phase load for stand-alone applications , 2003 .

[45]  N. Kumaresan,et al.  Certain control strategies for three-phase semi-converters for the operation of self-excited induction generators , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, 2002. IEEE ICIT '02..

[46]  B. G. Fernandes,et al.  Optimal voltage level for DC microgrids , 2010, IECON 2010 - 36th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.