Fabrication and properties of a high-performance chlorine doped graphene quantum dot based photovoltaic detector

Functionalized graphene quantum dot (GQD) based materials play an important role in the development of high-performance, low-cost, large-area optoelectronic devices. The progress, however, is impeded by the poor understanding of the physical mechanism for GQDs in these devices. In this paper, chlorine doped GQD (Cl-GQD) based photovoltaic photodetectors have been fabricated using a solution process, and it was found that the presence of Cl-GQDs can significantly enhance the performance of the device. The improved performance of Cl-GQD based devices has been investigated by systematically studying the structural, morphological, optical, electrical, electrochemical and photoelectrical properties. The important photovoltaic detectors parameters such as the saturation current densities (J0), barrier heights (Φb), built-in potentials (Vbi), carrier concentrations (N) and depletion layer widths (Wd) have been calculated and discussed by studying the I–V and C–V characteristics under different illuminations. The frequency dependent capacitance and conductance have also been discussed. The results provide guidance for developing high-performance graphene based optoelectronic devices.

[1]  Chun-Wei Chen,et al.  Blue photoluminescence from chemically derived graphene oxide. , 2010, Advanced materials.

[2]  Electronic parameters and carrier transport mechanism of high-barrier Se Schottky contacts to n-type GaN , 2014 .

[3]  Li Zhang,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of a nanocomposite of goethite nanorods and reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical capacitors , 2012 .

[4]  S. Lau,et al.  A deep ultraviolet to near-infrared photoresponse from glucose-derived graphene oxide , 2014 .

[5]  Y. Yi,et al.  Interface Formation Between ZnO Nanorod Arrays and Polymers (PCBM and P3HT) for Organic Solar Cells , 2012 .

[6]  H. Murakami,et al.  White-light-emitting edge-functionalized graphene quantum dots. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[7]  Li Xueming,et al.  Size‐Dependent Structural and Optical Characteristics of Glucose‐Derived Graphene Quantum Dots , 2013 .

[8]  Annemarie Pucci,et al.  Mid-infrared characterization of thiophene-based thin polymer films , 2013, Displays.

[9]  F. Xia,et al.  Ultrafast graphene photodetector , 2009, CLEO/QELS: 2010 Laser Science to Photonic Applications.

[10]  Zach DeVito,et al.  Opt , 2017 .

[11]  Eui-Hyeok Yang,et al.  Improved photoresponse with enhanced photoelectric contribution in fully suspended graphene photodetectors , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[12]  R. Lake,et al.  Electronic properties of carbon nanotubes calculated from density functional theory and the empirical π-bond model , 2007, 0704.1168.

[13]  R. Stephenson A and V , 1962, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[14]  Minghong Wu,et al.  Hydrothermal Route for Cutting Graphene Sheets into Blue‐Luminescent Graphene Quantum Dots , 2010, Advanced materials.

[15]  Qi Jie Wang,et al.  Broadband high photoresponse from pure monolayer graphene photodetector , 2013, Nature Communications.

[16]  Juan Bisquert,et al.  Charge carrier mobility and lifetime of organic bulk heterojunctions analyzed by impedance spectroscopy , 2008 .

[17]  G. G. Stokes "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[18]  Shuangchun Wen,et al.  Microwave and optical saturable absorption in graphene. , 2012, Optics express.

[19]  Dingyuan Tang,et al.  Large energy soliton erbium-doped fiber laser with a graphene-polymer composite mode locker , 2009 .

[20]  Joachim Luther,et al.  Influence of a novel fluorosurfactant modified PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer on the performance of inverted organic solar cells , 2012 .

[21]  S. Lau,et al.  Deep ultraviolet to near-infrared emission and photoresponse in layered N-doped graphene quantum dots. , 2014, ACS nano.

[22]  C. Suman,et al.  Study of Schottky contact in binary and ternary hybrid CdSe quantum dot solar cells , 2014 .

[23]  Seokwoo Jeon,et al.  Tuning the photoluminescence of graphene quantum dots through the charge transfer effect of functional groups. , 2013, ACS nano.

[24]  Aram Amassian,et al.  Colloidal-quantum-dot photovoltaics using atomic-ligand passivation. , 2011, Nature materials.

[25]  Kian Ping Loh,et al.  Transforming C60 molecules into graphene quantum dots. , 2011, Nature nanotechnology.

[26]  J. Slonczewski,et al.  Band Structure of Graphite , 1958 .

[27]  Andrew G. Glen,et al.  APPL , 2001 .

[28]  M. Capano,et al.  Insights into few-layer epitaxial graphene growth on 4H-SiC(000(1)over-bar substrates from STM studies , 2009 .

[29]  M. Bülbül,et al.  The effect of series resistance and interface states on the frequency dependent C–V and G/w–V characteristics of Al/perylene/p-Si MPS type Schottky barrier diodes , 2013 .

[30]  Shu Ping Lau,et al.  Sulphur doping: a facile approach to tune the electronic structure and optical properties of graphene quantum dots. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[31]  D. Shinde,et al.  Electrochemical preparation of luminescent graphene quantum dots from multiwalled carbon nanotubes. , 2012, Chemistry.

[32]  L. Dai,et al.  Soluble P3HT-grafted graphene for efficient bilayer-heterojunction photovoltaic devices. , 2010, ACS nano.

[33]  Wi Hyoung Lee,et al.  Chlorination of Reduced Graphene Oxide Enhances the Dielectric Constant of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polymer Composites , 2013, Advanced materials.

[34]  B. Bockrath,et al.  On the chemical nature of graphene edges: origin of stability and potential for magnetism in carbon materials. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[35]  Xin Yan,et al.  Triplet States and electronic relaxation in photoexcited graphene quantum dots. , 2010, Nano letters.

[36]  M. Pumera,et al.  Direct voltammetry of colloidal graphene oxides , 2014 .

[37]  Benjamin Skipp Pärt , 2013, Tempo.

[38]  Jiyang Fan,et al.  Red shift in the photoluminescence of colloidal carbon quantum dots induced by photon reabsorption , 2014 .

[39]  Li Xueming,et al.  Multicolour light emission from chlorine-doped graphene quantum dots , 2013 .

[40]  Dong Hee Shin,et al.  High-performance graphene-quantum-dot photodetectors , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[41]  Vinay Gupta,et al.  Luminscent graphene quantum dots for organic photovoltaic devices. , 2011, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[42]  Electronic structure calculations for a carbon nanotube capacitor with a dielectric medium , 2009 .

[43]  P. Wallace The Band Theory of Graphite , 1947 .

[44]  Xiao-hua Xie,et al.  A Density Functional Study of Furofuran Polymers as Potential Materials for Polymer Solar Cells , 2013 .

[45]  Li Xueming,et al.  Energy-level structure of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots , 2013 .

[46]  Libin Tang,et al.  Chlorine doped graphene quantum dots: Preparation, properties, and photovoltaic detectors , 2014 .

[47]  X. Jing,et al.  Formation mechanism and optimization of highly luminescent N-doped graphene quantum dots , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[48]  H. Grubin The physics of semiconductor devices , 1979, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[49]  Yuyan Shao,et al.  Facile and controllable electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide and its applications , 2010 .

[50]  Chang-Hua Liu,et al.  Graphene photodetectors with ultra-broadband and high responsivity at room temperature. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[51]  C. Cao,et al.  Cu2O/TiO2 nanoporous thin-film heterojunctions: Fabrication and electrical characterization , 2014 .

[52]  H. Liu,et al.  Tunable hot-carrier photodetection beyond the bandgap spectral limit , 2014, Nature Photonics.