The embedment of process consultation in strategy formulation

The main goal of this research is focused on increasing the probability that strategic decisions will be implemented. The dissertation describes the strategic decision-making process followed by the top executive teams of two organisations, within a consultation framework employing the Process Consultation approach. A particular form of SWOT analysis (SWOT Positioning) was performed as a platform for interventions. It also comprised a basis for the employment of other analytical and creative tools. In constructing this research, it was hoped that the combination of Process Consultation with SWOT Positioning in this manner would prove helpful in achieving the research goal. This research found that the likelihood of implementation of decisions seemed greater following the current consultation process than in the two organisations’ previous experience with ‘expert’ and ‘doctor’ consultants. Indeed, by-product decision implementation had already begun. The preparation for general implementation of strategic decisions and the declaration of commitment on the part of team members exceeded that of the same organisations in the past. The research cannot definitively show actual implementation, as that stage was not within its scope. However, both teams indicated a sense of ownership of and responsibility for the decisions, which had been formed gradually during the process. Creativity was nurtured in the construction of strategic action alternatives, which were then organised in a Level of Innovation Matrix. The Matrix is a tool which improves the participants’ understanding of the degree of complexity and difficulty involved in the implementation of new strategies. Indeed, the quandaries which prompted this research have been somewhat diminished. This is not to claim a single conclusive solution has been discovered to all the questions asked. Rather, the statement made here is that the particular process proposed might be helpful in answering these questions in appropriate situations.

[1]  Ali R. Malekzadeh,et al.  LEADER STYLE IN STRATEGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: AN INTEGRATIVE FRAMEWORK* , 1993 .

[2]  J. Heron A six-category intervention analysis , 1976 .

[3]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Behavioral Decision Theory , 1977 .

[4]  B. Henderson,et al.  The Anatomy of Competition , 1983 .

[5]  C. Merle Crawford,et al.  The dual-drive concept of product innovation , 1991 .

[6]  Herman R. Holtz,et al.  How to succeed as an independent consultant , 1983 .

[7]  R. Scott Creative Employees: A Challenge to Managers , 1995 .

[8]  J. Dutton,et al.  Categorizing Strategic Issues: Links to Organizational Action , 1987 .

[9]  R E Miles,et al.  Organizational strategy, structure, and process. , 1978, Academy of management review. Academy of Management.

[10]  M. Easterby-Smith,et al.  Management Research: An Introduction , 1991 .

[11]  Marjorie A. Lyles,et al.  Individual attributes and the problem conceptualization process , 1981 .

[12]  S. Sieber The Integration of Fieldwork and Survey Methods , 1973, American Journal of Sociology.

[13]  Julia Balogun,et al.  Strategic thinking : leadership and the management of change , 1993 .

[14]  Thomas D. Kuczmarski What is innovation? The art of welcoming risk , 1996 .

[15]  James M. Higgins,et al.  Strategic Management: Text and Cases , 1989 .

[16]  Pekka Pihlanto,et al.  The action-oriented approach and case study method in management studies , 1994 .

[17]  F. Hansford-Miller 13. Judgement and Choice: The Psychology of Decision , 1988 .

[18]  R. Walker The Geographical Organization of Production-Systems , 1988 .

[19]  Arthur A. Thompson,et al.  Strategy Formulation and Implementation: Tasks of the General Manager , 1980 .

[20]  C. K. McGlvern,et al.  RESEARCH AND CONSULTANCY: TOWARDS A CONCEPTUAL SYNTHESIS , 1983 .

[21]  Howard H. Stevenson,et al.  Defining Corporate Strengths and Weaknesses , 1989 .

[22]  Barbara W. Keats,et al.  A Causal Model of Linkages Among Environmental Dimensions, Macro Organizational Characteristics, and Performance , 1988 .

[23]  J. Child Organizational Structure, Environment and Performance: The Role of Strategic Choice , 1972 .

[24]  P. R. Sanday The Ethnographic Paradigm(s). , 1979 .

[25]  S. Schneider,et al.  Interpreting and responding to strategic issues: The impact of national culture , 1991 .

[26]  M. Jackson,et al.  New Directions in Management Science , 1987 .

[27]  James G. March,et al.  Organizational Factors in the Theory of Oligopoly , 1956 .

[28]  O. Williamson / STRATEGIZING, ECONOMIZING, AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION , 1991 .

[29]  Edward De Bono,et al.  De Bono's Thinking Course , 1982 .

[30]  T. Houlden How corporate planning adapts and survives , 1995 .

[31]  R. N. Kashyap Management information systems for corporate planning and control , 1972 .

[32]  M. Tushman,et al.  Inertia, Environments and Strategic Choice: Quasi-Experimental Designs for Comparative Research , 1986 .

[33]  Mark S. Granovetter Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness , 1985, American Journal of Sociology.

[34]  J. Pennings Organizational strategy and change , 1985 .

[35]  W. Powell,et al.  The iron cage revisited institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields , 1983 .

[36]  Jack Rothman Promoting innovation and change in organizations and communities: A planning manual , 1976 .

[37]  Toyohiro Kono Changing a company's strategy and culture , 1994 .

[38]  Stewart Clegg,et al.  The Embodiment of Industrial Culture in Bureaucracy and Management , 1990 .

[39]  Jerry Rhodes Conceptual Toolmaking: Expert Systems of the Mind , 1991 .

[40]  Alfred P. Sloan,et al.  My years with General Motors , 1964 .

[41]  J. T. Dillon Problem Finding and Solving , 1982 .

[42]  M. Bulmer Concepts in the Analysis of Qualitative Data , 1979 .

[43]  John Kay,et al.  Foundations Of Corporate Success , 1995 .

[44]  P. Ahmed,et al.  Integrated flexibility—Key to competition in a turbulent environment , 1996 .

[45]  Chris Argyris,et al.  Interpersonal competence and organizational effectiveness , 1962 .

[46]  P. D. Jose Corporate strategy and the environment: a portfolio approach , 1996 .

[47]  R. Mason Challenging strategic planning assumptions , 1981 .

[48]  David Asch,et al.  Readings in Strategic Management , 1989 .

[49]  L. D. Brown,et al.  Feedback and Organization Development: Using Data-Based Methods , 1978 .

[50]  B. Chambers Alliances for innovation and the strategic intent to build core competence. , 1991 .

[51]  Neil A. Morgan,et al.  Increasing Planning Effectiveness , 1993 .

[52]  K. Weick The social psychology of organizing , 1969 .

[53]  Håkon Finne Organizational adaptation to changing contingencies , 1991 .

[54]  A. Pettigrew The politics of organizational decision-making , 1973 .

[55]  H. P. Sims,et al.  The thinking organization , 1986 .

[56]  David A. Nadler,et al.  The management of organizations : strategies, tactics, analyses , 1989 .

[57]  M. Miles Qualitative Data as an Attractive Nuisance: The Problem of Analysis , 1979 .

[58]  Liam Fahey,et al.  The Micro-Politics of Strategy Formulation1 , 1982 .

[59]  A. Bryman The debate about quantitative and qualitative research: A question of method or epistemology? , 1984 .

[60]  Kalman J. Cohen,et al.  Strategy: Formulation, Implementation, and Monitoring , 1973 .

[61]  S. Zahra,et al.  Increasing the board's involvement in strategy. , 1990, Long range planning.

[62]  Gerald Nadler,et al.  The planning and design approach , 1981 .

[63]  Henry Mintzberg,et al.  The Structure of "Unstructured" Decision Processes , 1976 .

[64]  D. Abell,et al.  Defining the Business: The Starting Point of Strategic Planning , 1980 .

[65]  Richard M. Morris,et al.  Mastering the dynamics of innovation: by James M. Utterback, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, 1994 , 1995 .

[66]  J. Bridge Managerial Decisions With the Microcomputer , 1989 .

[67]  R B Davies,et al.  Longitudinal versus Cross-Sectional Methods for Behavioural Research: A First-Round Knockout , 1985 .

[68]  Simon J. Towner Four ways to accelerate new product development , 1994 .

[69]  Heinz Weihrich,et al.  The TOWS matrix—A tool for situational analysis , 1982 .

[70]  C. Eden,et al.  On the nature of problems in consulting practice , 1979 .

[71]  David P. Hanna Designing organizations for high performance , 1988 .

[72]  C. Prahalad,et al.  Competing for the Future , 1994 .

[73]  C. C. Snow,et al.  Measuring Organizational Strategies: Some Theoretical and Methodological Problems , 1980 .

[74]  S. Ho,et al.  Transplanting Japanese management techniques , 1993 .

[75]  John C. Camillus,et al.  Reconciling logical incrementalism and synoptic formalism—an integrated approach to designing strategic planning processes , 1982 .

[76]  Robert G.Burgess,et al.  Approaches to Field Research , 1989 .

[77]  J. Armstrong,et al.  The value of formal planning for strategic decisions: Review of empirical research , 1982 .

[78]  R. Whittington,et al.  Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases , 1989 .

[79]  Margaret Anzul,et al.  Doing Qualitative Research: Circles Within Circles , 1991 .

[80]  Simon French,et al.  Decision Making: Descriptive, Normative, and Prescriptive Interactions , 1990 .

[81]  S. Hart,et al.  How strategy‐making processes can make a difference , 1994 .

[82]  John A. Pearce,et al.  Formulation, Implementation and Control of Competitive Strategy , 1991 .

[83]  G. Hamel Competition for competence and interpartner learning within international strategic alliances , 1991 .

[84]  M. Aoki Toward an Economic Model of the Japanese Firm , 2013 .

[85]  R. Fulmer,et al.  Strategic group technique: Involving managers in strategic planning , 1990 .

[86]  H. Goldstein Longitudinal Studies and the Social Sciences , 1971 .

[87]  Wendy Robson,et al.  Strategic Management and Information Systems: An Integrated Approach , 1993 .

[88]  S. Gopalakrishnan,et al.  A review of innovation research in economics, sociology and technology management , 1997 .

[89]  John W. Meyer,et al.  Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony , 1977, American Journal of Sociology.

[90]  David Knights,et al.  The Concept of Strategy in Sociology: A Note of Dissent , 1990 .

[91]  David Murray,et al.  Business Decision Making , 1983 .

[92]  J. Dutton,et al.  THE CREATION OF MOMENTUM FOR CHANGE THROUGH THE PROCESS OF STRATEGIC ISSUE DIAGNOSIS , 1987 .

[93]  Alan I.H. Pink Strategic leadership through corporate planning at ICI , 1988 .

[94]  Richard Koch The Financial Times Guide To Strategy: How to Create and Deliver a Useful Strategy , 1995 .

[95]  Paul C. Nutt,et al.  Some guides for the selection of a decision-making strategy , 1981 .

[96]  A. Grandori A Prescriptive Contingency View of Organizational Decision Making. , 1984 .

[97]  Thomas J. Peters,et al.  A passion for excellence , 1985 .

[98]  Yolanda Sarason,et al.  Facilitators of organizational innovation: The role of life-cycle stage , 1996 .

[99]  Kim Warren,et al.  Exploring competitive futures using cognitive mapping , 1995 .

[100]  David C. Wilson,et al.  Strategy and Leadership , 1994 .

[101]  David M. Reid,et al.  Where planning fails in practice , 1990 .

[102]  Robert G. Lord,et al.  Alternative Information-Processing Models and Their Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice , 1990 .

[103]  Sue Birley,et al.  Corporate Strategy and the Small Firm , 1982 .

[104]  Herbert A. Simon The new science of management decision. , 1960 .

[105]  Katy Moyer,et al.  SCENARIO PLANNING AT BRITISH AIRWAYS: A CASE STUDY , 1996 .

[106]  O. Svenson Process descriptions of decision making. , 1979 .

[107]  Merle Crawford,et al.  Making the product portfolio a basis for action , 1992 .

[108]  Ken Starkey,et al.  The Strategic Management Blueprint , 1993 .

[109]  Phyllis G. Holland,et al.  Strategic management : concepts and experiences , 1986 .

[110]  Robert J. Mockler A catalog of commercially available software for strategic planning , 1991 .

[111]  J. Dutton,et al.  Advances in strategic management , 1994 .

[112]  James W. Fredrickson,et al.  Strategic process research: Questions and recommendations , 1983 .

[113]  Colin Eden,et al.  Problem solving or problem finishing , 1987 .

[114]  Ian I. Mitroff,et al.  Enhancing Organizational Research Utilization: The Role of Decision Makers' Assumptions , 1984 .

[115]  Robert Johansen,et al.  Leading Business Teams: How Teams Can Use Technology and Group Process Tools to Enhance Performance , 1991 .

[116]  Andrew C. Boynton,et al.  Beyond Flexibility: Building and Managing the Dynamically Stable Organization , 1991 .

[117]  R R McCrae Situational determinants of coping responses: loss, threat, and challenge. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[118]  J. Dutton,et al.  IMPORTANT DIMENSIONS OF STRATEGIC ISSUES: SEPARATING THE WHEAT FROM THE CHAFF* , 1989 .

[119]  Robert Lawrence Kuhn Handbook for Creative and Innovative Managers , 1987 .

[120]  Arnoldo C. Hax,et al.  The Strategy Concept and Process: A Pragmatic Approach , 1991 .

[121]  C. Briggs Learning How to Ask: A Sociolinguistic Appraisal of the Role of the Interview in Social Science Research , 1986 .

[122]  I. Mitroff,et al.  Problem Defining and the Consulting/Intervention Process , 1979, California management review.

[123]  D. Morgan,et al.  Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis. , 1983 .

[124]  S. Kiesler,et al.  Managerial Response to Changing Environments: Perspectives on Problem Sensing from Social Cognition. , 1982 .

[125]  K. Ohmae The Mind Of The Strategist: The Art of Japanese Business , 1991 .

[126]  Michael K. Badawy,et al.  How To Prevent Creativity Mismanagement , 1986 .

[127]  N. Piercy Diagnosing and Solving Implementation Problems in Strategic Planning , 1989 .

[128]  Hugh E. Kramer,et al.  Low Tech Innovation: Resurveying the Basic Meaning of Innovation , 1993 .

[129]  D. Kuratko,et al.  Developing an Intrapreneurial Assessment Instrument for an Effective Corporate Entrepreneurial Environment , 1990 .

[130]  Hylton Boothroyd Image Theory: Decision Making in Personal and Organizational Contexts. , 1990 .

[131]  Charles R. Schwenk Cognitive simplification processes in strategic decision‐making , 1984 .

[132]  R.Morgan Gould,et al.  Getting from strategy to action: Processes for continuous change , 1996 .

[133]  Harry F. Wolcott Wolcott, Harry F., "On Seeking--and Rejecting--Validity in Qualitative Research," pp. 121-173 in Elliot W. Eisner and Alan Peshkin, eds., Qualitative Inquiry in Education: The Continuing Debate. New York: Teachers College Press, 1990. , 1990 .

[134]  Richard W. Olshavsky,et al.  Time and the Rate of Adoption of Innovations , 1980 .

[135]  Carlo Boschetti,et al.  The corporate planner as consultant , 1990 .

[136]  B. Loasby The External Control of Organizations. A Resource Dependence Perspective , 1979 .

[137]  David C. Wilson,et al.  SPORADIC, FLUID AND CONSTRICTED PROCESSES: THREE TYPES OF STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING IN ORGANIZATIONS[1] , 1988 .

[138]  I. Janis,et al.  Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict, Choice, and Commitment , 1977 .

[139]  K. Grønhaug,et al.  Managerial problem finding: Conceptual issues and research findings , 1994 .

[140]  E. Rogers,et al.  Communication of innovations: A cross-cultural approach, 2nd ed. , 1971 .

[141]  J. E. Dillard,et al.  Desired future position—a practical tool for planning , 1991 .

[142]  J. Gill,et al.  Research Methods For Managers , 1991 .

[143]  A Sense Of Mission , 1990 .

[144]  N. Slack,et al.  Making Management Decisions , 1991 .

[145]  Robert E. Kaplan,et al.  The Conspicuous Absence of Evidence That Process Consultation Enhances Task Performance , 1979 .

[146]  H H Hinterhuber,et al.  Are you a strategist or just a manager? , 1992, Harvard business review.

[147]  Marjorie A. Lyles,et al.  Paralysis by analysis: Is your planning system becoming too rational? , 1985 .

[148]  R. Marris,et al.  The Economic Theory of ‘Managerial’ Capitalism , 1964 .

[149]  Robert H. Waterman,et al.  Structure is not organization , 1980 .

[150]  Dennis A. Gioia,et al.  Scripts in Organizational Behavior , 1984 .

[151]  Richard F. Gonzalez Personality and organization: the conflict between system and the individual , 1961 .

[152]  M. Jelinek Managing change for competitive success , 1993 .

[153]  W. M. Bernstein,et al.  Stream Analysis: a Powerful Way to Diagnose and Manage Organizational Change , 1987 .

[154]  Abdul A. Rasheed,et al.  Nurturing strategic coherency , 1991 .

[155]  Robert A. Burgelman A Model of the Interaction of Strategic Behavior, Corporate Context, and the Concept of Strategy , 1983 .

[156]  G. Zaltman,et al.  The inquiry center , 1991 .

[157]  M. Brannen Culture as the critical factor in implementing innovation , 1991 .

[158]  Charles Taylor Creating Strategic Visions , 1990 .

[159]  David Sims,et al.  Thinking in organizations , 1979 .

[160]  John H. Grant,et al.  Empirically derived models of strategic decision‐making processes , 1985 .

[161]  C. Handy Gods of Management: The Changing Work of Organizations , 1979 .

[162]  Valerie Belton,et al.  Managing Corporate Knowledge Experiences with SODA and V·I·S·A , 1994 .

[163]  Peter V. Mini Rational Economic Man: A Philosophical Critique of Neo-Classical Economics , 1977 .

[164]  Michael W. Nicholson,et al.  Rational Analysis for a Problematic World , 1990 .

[165]  井尻 雄士 Creative and innovative approaches to the science of management , 1993 .

[166]  Geoffrey R. Mallory,et al.  Programmed Strategic Decision Making: The View From Mintzberg's Window1 , 1994 .

[167]  Charles W. Hofer,et al.  Strategy formulation : analytical concepts , 1978 .

[168]  Thomas G. Cummings,et al.  Self-designing organizations : learning how to create high performance , 1989 .

[169]  James W. Fredrickson,et al.  Inertia And Creeping Rationality In Strategic Decision Processes , 1989 .

[170]  Jae K. Shim,et al.  The Use of Corporate Planning Models: Past, Present and Future , 1984 .

[171]  P. Bobko Removing Assumptions of Bipolarity: Towards Variation and Circularity , 1985 .

[172]  N. Babchuk The Role of the Researcher as Participant Observer and Participant-as-Observer in the Field Situation , 1962 .

[173]  R. Quinn Beyond Rational Management: Mastering the Paradoxes and Competing Demands of High Performance , 1991 .

[174]  Peter Schwartz,et al.  The Art of the Long View: Planning for the Future in an Uncertain World , 1996 .

[175]  James Brian Quinn,et al.  The strategy process : concepts and contexts , 1992 .

[176]  J. Montanari Managerial Discretion: An Expanded Model of Organization Choice , 1978 .

[177]  Gerald Zaltman,et al.  On the Nature of Innovations , 1971 .

[178]  Peter M. Ginter,et al.  A Social Learning Approach to Strategic Management: Toward a Theoretical Foundation , 1982 .

[179]  D. Hambrick,et al.  The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers. , 1982 .

[180]  L. P. Clark The Technology Connection: Strategy and Change in the Information Age , 1987 .

[181]  J. Dutton,et al.  Discerning threats and opportunities. , 1988 .

[182]  David J. Collis,et al.  A resource‐based analysis of global competition: The case of the bearings industry , 1991 .

[183]  Frances J. Milliken,et al.  Executives’ Perceptual Filters: What They Notice and How They Make Sense , 1988 .

[184]  James B. Thomas,et al.  Interpreting Strategic Issues: Effects of Strategy and the Information-Processing Structure of Top Management Teams , 1990 .

[185]  Marjorie A. Lyles,et al.  Organizational Problem Formulation: An Empirical Study. , 1980 .

[186]  E. Harrison The managerial decision-making process , 1975 .

[187]  Ingrid Bonn,et al.  From strategic planning to strategic management , 1996 .

[188]  R. Nelson National Innovation Systems: A Retrospective on a Study , 1992 .

[189]  James J. Cribbin,et al.  Leadership: Strategies for organizational effectiveness , 1981 .

[190]  John W. Jones High-Speed Management: Time-Based Strategies for Managers and Organizations , 1992 .

[191]  J. Grundfest Subordination of American capital , 1990 .

[192]  Anselm L. Strauss,et al.  Qualitative Analysis For Social Scientists , 1987 .

[193]  Robert E. Kraut,et al.  Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work , 1990 .

[194]  Derek Salman Pugh,et al.  Writers on organizations , 1971 .

[195]  Yao-Su Hu,et al.  Global or Stateless Corporations are National Firms with International Operations , 1992 .

[196]  John Argenti,et al.  Practical Corporate Planning , 1980 .

[197]  L. Browning A grounded organizational communication theory derived from qualitative data , 1978 .

[198]  Liam Fahey,et al.  On strategic management decision processes , 1981 .

[199]  Steven W. Floyd,et al.  Strategic process effects on consensus , 1989 .

[200]  Donald A. Schön,et al.  Organizational Learning: A Theory Of Action Perspective , 1978 .

[201]  J. Rothman Using Research in Organizations: A Guide to Successful Application , 1980 .

[202]  Liam Fahey,et al.  Toward understanding strategic issue diagnosis , 1983 .

[203]  Barry M. Staw,et al.  Threat-rigidity effects in organizational behavior: A multilevel analysis. , 1981 .

[204]  Ralph Stacey,et al.  The Chaos Frontier: Creative Strategic Control for Business , 1991 .

[205]  R. Nurmi Developing a climate for planning , 1976 .

[206]  K. Solem,et al.  Decision making for global problems , 1992 .

[207]  Dennis A. Gioia,et al.  Mapping Strategic Thought. , 1992 .

[208]  O. A. Sawy Understanding the Process By Which Chief Executives Identify Strategic Threats and Opportunities. , 1984 .

[209]  David C. Wilson,et al.  Top Decisions: Strategic Decision-Making in Organizations. , 1987 .

[210]  Barry Turner,et al.  Some practical aspects of qualitative data analysis: One way of organising the cognitive processes associated with the generation of grounded theory , 1981 .

[211]  R. Mazzolini,et al.  How strategic decisions are made , 1981 .

[213]  Julius Hooper Johnson Strategy formulation in a global industry : the case of the U.S. construction equipment industry , 1992 .

[214]  Gerry Johnson,et al.  The challenge of strategic management , 1992 .

[215]  S. French Planning under Pressure: The Strategic Choice Approach , 1988 .

[216]  Neil Anderson,et al.  Innovation and Change in Organizations , 1995 .

[217]  Gerry Johnson,et al.  Strategic Change and the Management Process , 1987 .

[218]  Ricky W. Griffin,et al.  Toward a Theory of Organizational Creativity , 1993 .

[219]  Ellen Earle Chaffee,et al.  Three Models of Strategy. , 1984 .

[220]  R. T. Lenz,et al.  Environmental analysis units and strategic decision‐making: A field study of selected ‘leading‐edge’ corporations , 1986 .

[221]  Henry Mintzberg,et al.  VISIONARY LEADERSHIP AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT , 1989 .

[222]  Nancy M. Dixon,et al.  The Organizational Learning Cycle , 1999 .

[223]  Enid Mumford,et al.  Implementing strategic decisions , 1975 .

[224]  Howard E. Aldrich,et al.  Organizations and Environments , 1979 .

[225]  Steven C. Wheelwright,et al.  An analysis of strategic planning as a creative problem solving process , 1970 .

[226]  J. G. Wissema,et al.  Successful innovation through inter-company networks , 1991 .

[227]  D. Hambrick Environment, strategy, and power within top management teams. , 1981, Administrative science quarterly.

[228]  E. Lawler High-Involvement Management , 1986 .

[229]  G. Crystal In Search of Excess: The Overcompensation of American Executives , 1991 .

[230]  Kiyohiko Watanabe,et al.  Omron's creative information system , 1995 .

[231]  P. Shrivastava Is Strategic Management Ideological? , 1986 .

[232]  Araújo,et al.  An Evolutionary theory of economic change , 1983 .

[233]  P. Senge The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook: Strategies and Tools for Building a Learning Organization , 2014 .

[234]  Stephen A.W. Drew,et al.  Accelerating innovation in financial services , 1995 .

[235]  Ari Ginsberg,et al.  Connecting Diversification to Performance: A Sociocognitive Approach , 1990 .

[236]  Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson,et al.  Supporting facilitation in group support systems: Techniques for analyzing consensus relevant data , 1996, Decis. Support Syst..

[237]  Thomas J. Peters,et al.  Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution , 1988 .

[238]  Robert G.Burgess Field Research: A Sourcebook and Field Manual , 1986 .

[239]  Toshio Nakahara,et al.  Strategic planning for Canon; The crisis and the new vision , 1992 .

[240]  Milam Aiken,et al.  Using a Group Decision Support System For Creativity , 1993 .

[241]  J.-C. Spender,et al.  Industry recipes : an enquiry into the nature and sources of managerial judgement , 1989 .

[242]  R. I. Sutton,et al.  Switching Cognitive Gears: From Habits of Mind to Active Thinking , 1991 .

[243]  Turner An Consulting is more than giving advice. , 1982 .

[244]  Lorenz P. Schrenk,et al.  Aiding the decision maker--a decision process model. , 1969, Ergonomics.

[245]  James P. Walsh,et al.  Selectivity and selective perception: An investigation of managers''belief structures and informatio , 1988 .

[246]  Karen L. Spencer,et al.  The Wisdom of Teams: Creating The High-Performance Organization , 1993 .

[247]  Schaffer Rh,et al.  Successful change programs begin with results. , 1992 .

[248]  Henry Mintzberg,et al.  RESEARCH ON STRATEGY-MAKING. , 1972 .

[249]  J. Morse Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: The Search for Meaning , 1985 .

[250]  S. Hill Managerial Economics: The Analysis of Business Decisions , 1989 .

[251]  M. Wiersema,et al.  Top Management Team Demography and Corporate Strategic Change , 1992 .

[252]  J. Dutton Understanding strategic agenda building and its implications for managing change , 1986 .

[253]  Malcolm McDonald Strategic Marketing Planning , 1993 .

[254]  Henry Mintzberg,et al.  Tracking Strategy in an Entrepreneurial Firm1 , 1982 .

[255]  S. Kiesler,et al.  Group processes in computer-mediated communication☆ , 1986 .

[256]  H Vantrappen,et al.  Creating customer value by streamlining business processes. , 1992, Long range planning.

[257]  P. Verschuren,et al.  Decision-making Speed in the European Community , 1990 .

[258]  Scott S. Cowen,et al.  Strategic planning for increased profit in the small business , 1990 .

[259]  T. Rickards,et al.  Procedures For Managers In Idea‐Deficient Situations: An Examination Of Brainstorming Approaches , 1978 .

[260]  Harry Nyström,et al.  Creativity and Innovation , 1979 .

[261]  J. E. Post The Twilight of Corporate Strategy: A Comparative Ethical Critique , 1992 .

[262]  Andrew Campbell,et al.  Corporate-Level Strategy: Creating Value in the Multibusiness Company , 1994 .

[263]  F. Maljers Strategic planning and intuition in Unilever , 1990 .

[264]  E. Burack Changing the company culture—the role of human resource development , 1991 .

[265]  D. Schweiger,et al.  Group Approaches for Improving Strategic Decision Making: A Comparative Analysis of Dialectical Inquiry, Devil's Advocacy, and Consensus , 1986 .

[266]  Richard Swedberg,et al.  The paradigm of economic sociology , 1987 .

[267]  A. Chakrabarti,et al.  Innovation Speed: A Conceptual Model of Context, Antecedents, and Outcomes , 1996 .

[268]  I. Nonaka Toward Middle-Up-Down Management: Accelerating Information Creation , 1988 .

[269]  M. Stone Marketing strategies for leisure services , 1990 .

[270]  Ivan T. Robertson,et al.  Managerial Self-efficacy and Managerial Performance , 1993 .

[271]  Russell L. Ackoff,et al.  On the use of models in corporate planning , 1981 .

[272]  A. Munro,et al.  Counselling: The Skills of Problem-Solving , 1989 .

[273]  L. J. Bourgeois,et al.  Strategic Management and Determinism , 1984 .

[274]  Andrew Pettigrew,et al.  Shaping Strategic Change , 1992 .

[275]  D. Brian Harrison,et al.  A Methodology for reengineering businesses , 1993 .

[276]  H. Commandeur,et al.  Organizing for effective new product development: an exploratory study of Dutch and Belgian industrial firms , 1997 .

[277]  Thierry C. Pauchant,et al.  Triggers, templates and twitches in the tracking of emerging strategic issues , 1988 .

[278]  M. Porter How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy , 1989 .

[279]  Marilyn E. Gist,et al.  Self-Efficacy: A Theoretical Analysis of Its Determinants and Malleability , 1992 .

[280]  Grant Mccracken The long interview , 1988 .

[281]  B. Taylor,et al.  Strategy and Leadership in Growth Companies , 1990 .

[282]  C. Lindblom THE SCIENCE OF MUDDLING THROUGH , 1959 .

[283]  James H. Barnes Cognitive biases and their impact on strategic planning , 1984 .

[284]  Rosabeth Moss Kanter,et al.  Engines of progress: Designing and running entrepreneurial vehicles in established companies; The new venture process at Eastman Kodak, 1983-1989 , 1991 .

[285]  John D. Stoffels,et al.  Strategic issues management : a comprehensive guide to environmental scanning , 1994 .

[286]  Lyndon Simkin,et al.  Практическое руководство по сегментированию рынка. Оригинал: The Market Segmentation Workbook. Target Marketing for Marketing Managers, Sally Dibb and Lyndon Simkin , 1996 .

[287]  Dean Tjosvold,et al.  The conflict-positive organization : stimulate diversity and create unity , 1990 .

[288]  Donald R. Brown,et al.  An Experiential Approach to Organization Development , 1976 .

[289]  Ian C. MacMillan,et al.  Strategy formulation : power and politics , 1986 .

[290]  G. Stalk,et al.  Kaisha, the Japanese Corporation. , 1987 .

[291]  David Oates,et al.  Management Consultancy: The Inside Story , 1992 .

[292]  Charles B. Saunders WHAT SHOULD WE KNOW ABOUT STRATEGY FORMULATION. , 1973 .

[293]  Richard Whitley,et al.  THE SCIENTIFIC STATUS OF MANAGEMENT RESEARCH AS A PRACTICALLY‐ORIENTED SOCIAL SCIENCE , 1984 .

[294]  T. S. Bateman,et al.  The psychological context of strategic decisions: A model and convergent experimental findings , 1989 .

[295]  Richard Whittington,et al.  Corporate Strategies in Recession and Recovery : Social Structure and Strategic Choice , 1989 .

[296]  J. Kidd Management Teams: Why They Succeed or Fail , 1982 .

[297]  Richard F. Vancil,et al.  Strategic planning systems , 1977 .

[298]  E. Witte Field Research on Complex Decision-Making Processes – The Phase Theorem , 1972 .

[299]  Nicky Hayes,et al.  Successful team management , 1997 .

[300]  N. Adler,et al.  The Parochial Dinosaur: Organizational Science in a Global Context , 1991 .

[301]  J. L. Bower,et al.  Fast-Cycle Capability for Competitive Power , 1988 .

[302]  Gerard Fairtlough,et al.  Organizing for innovation: Compartments, competences and networks , 1994 .

[303]  H. Ansoff Corporate strategy : an analytic approach to business policy for growth and expansion , 1965 .

[304]  D. A. Cowan Developing a Process Model of Problem Recognition , 1986 .

[305]  R. Kanter The Change Masters: Corporate Entrepreneurs at Work , 1985 .

[306]  Roy SWOT analysis : it ' s time for a product recall , 2022 .

[307]  Jane E. Dutton,et al.  Strategic Issue Management Systems: Forms, Functions, and Contexts , 1987 .

[308]  Henry Mintzberg,et al.  Strategy Formation in an Adhocracy. , 1985 .

[309]  M. Godet,et al.  Creating the future: The use and misuse of scenarios , 1996 .

[310]  Jennifer Platt,et al.  “Case Study” in American Methodological Thought , 1992 .

[311]  N. Noorderhaven Strategic decision making , 1995 .

[312]  D. Schoen The Reflective Practitioner , 1983 .

[313]  M. Saxton,et al.  Gaining Control of the Corporate Culture , 1985 .

[314]  N B Zabriskie,et al.  Developing strategic thinking in senior management. , 1991, Long range planning.

[315]  R. Kaplan,et al.  The balanced scorecard--measures that drive performance. , 2015, Harvard business review.

[316]  A. Minkes Process, Conflict and Commitment in Organizational Decision Making , 1994 .

[317]  Lyman W. Porter,et al.  The Concept of “Coalition” in Organization Theory and Research , 1985 .

[318]  Greenley Strategic Management , 1989 .

[319]  D. King,et al.  Using strategic planning to drive strategic change. , 1992, Long range planning.

[320]  Richard Beckhard,et al.  Organizational Transitions: Managing Complex Change , 1977 .

[321]  Rhonda K. Reger,et al.  A Review of Strategic Process Research , 1987 .

[322]  J. L. Bower,et al.  Business policy: text and cases , 1973 .

[323]  A. Preston,et al.  The “problem” in and of management information systems , 1991 .

[324]  M. McCaskey The Executive Challenge: Managing Change and Ambiguity , 1982 .

[325]  J. Porras,et al.  Organizational Vision and Visionary Organizations , 1991 .

[326]  Arthur B. VanGundy,et al.  Managing Group Creativity: A Modular Approach to Problem Solving , 1984 .

[327]  Armin Töpfer New products—Cutting the time to market , 1995 .

[328]  R. Walton,et al.  Managing Conflict: Interpersonal Dialogue and Third-Party Roles , 1987 .

[329]  Samuel C. Certo,et al.  Strategic Management: Concepts and Applications , 1988 .

[330]  Marjorie A. Lyles Formulating strategic problems: Empirical analysis and model development , 1981 .

[331]  Kenneth J. Albert The Strategic Management Handbook , 1983 .

[332]  William D. Giles,et al.  Making strategy work , 1991 .

[333]  J M Nagelkerk,et al.  Strategic Decision Making , 1990, The Journal of nursing administration.

[334]  R. Daft,et al.  Toward a Model of Organizations as Interpretation Systems , 1984 .

[335]  Graham Kelly,et al.  Business Policy Formulation: Understanding the Process , 1980 .

[336]  William R. King,et al.  Using strategic issue analysis , 1982 .

[337]  A. Alchian Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory , 1950, Journal of Political Economy.

[338]  Tony Grundy,et al.  Strategic learning in action : how to accelerate and sustain business change , 1994 .

[339]  Morgan W. McCall Executive development as a business strategy. , 1992, The Journal of business strategy.

[340]  Stuart L. Hart,et al.  An Integrative Framework for Strategy-Making Processes , 1992 .

[341]  Michael Martin Reddy The Manager's Guide to Counselling at Work , 1991 .

[342]  D. Jennings,et al.  Decision Making: An Integrated Approach , 1994 .

[343]  David Miller Strategy Making and Structure: Analysis and Implications for Performance , 1987 .

[344]  Leonard M. S. Yong Managing Creative People. , 1994 .

[345]  Hiroyuki Itami Mobilizing invisible assets , 1987 .

[346]  T. Mitchell,et al.  Strategic Decision Processes: Comprehensiveness and Performance in an Industry with an Unstable Environment , 1984 .

[347]  P. J. Idenburg,et al.  Four styles of strategy development , 1993 .

[348]  Françoise Zonabend,et al.  The Monograph in European Ethnology , 1992 .

[349]  Marjorie A. Lyles,et al.  Managing the planning process: A field study of the human side of planning , 1982 .

[350]  Tim Stapenhurst Managing in the New Team Environment: Skills, Tools, and Methods , 1992 .

[351]  Ven Sriram,et al.  Innovation, marketing strategy, environment, and performance , 1996 .