Nypa fruticans Frond Waste for Pure Cellulose Utilizing Sulphur-Free and Totally Chlorine-Free Processes

The search for alternative methods for the production of new materials or fuel from renewable and sustainable biomass feedstocks has gained increasing attention. In this study, Nypa fruticans (nipa palm) fronds from agricultural residues were evaluated to produce pure cellulose by combining prehydrolysis for 1–3 h at 150 °C, sulfur-free soda cooking for 1–1.5 h at 160 °C with 13–25% active alkali (AA), 0.1% soluble anthraquinone (SAQ) catalyst, and three-stage totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching, namely oxygen, peroxymonosulfuric acid, and alkaline hydrogen peroxide stages. The optimal conditions were 3 h prehydrolysis and 1.5 h cooking with 20% AA. Soda cooking with SAQ was better than the kraft and soda process without SAQ. The method decreased the kappa number as a residual lignin content index of pulp from 13.4 to 9.9–10.2 and improved the yields by approximately 6%. The TCF bleaching application produced pure cellulose with a brightness of 92.2% ISO, 94.8% α-cellulose, viscosity of 7.9 cP, and 0.2% ash content. These findings show that nipa palm fronds can be used to produce pure cellulose, serving as a dissolving pulp grade for viscose rayon and cellulose derivatives.

[1]  A. S. Putra,et al.  Development of dissolving pulp from Phyllostachys pubescens stem by prehydrolysis soda cooking with 2-methylanthraquinone , 2022, Industrial Crops and Products.

[2]  H. Sixta,et al.  High-purity cellulose production from birch wood by γ-valerolactone/water fractionation and IONCELL-P process. , 2022, Carbohydrate polymers.

[3]  H. Ohi,et al.  Mutagenicity of Tectona grandis Wood Extracts and Their Ability to Improve Carbohydrate Yield for Kraft Cooking Eucalyptus Wood , 2021, Molecules.

[4]  M. Jahan,et al.  FUTURE CELLULOSE BASED INDUSTRIES IN BANGLADESH – A MINI REVIEW , 2021, Cellulose Chemistry and Technology.

[5]  A. S. Putra,et al.  Effects of Soluble Anthraquinone Application on Prehydrolysis Soda Cooking of Acacia crassicarpa Wood , 2021, JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL.

[6]  A. Saeed,et al.  Abundant nipa palm waste as Bio-pellet fuel , 2021 .

[7]  Onanong Cheablam,et al.  Sustainable Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) Product Utilization in Thailand , 2020, Scientifica.

[8]  Evelyn,et al.  Pulp and paper industry: An overview on pulping technologies, factors, and challenges , 2020, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.

[9]  M. Jahan,et al.  Effect of prehydrolysis on pulping and bleaching of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. , 2020, Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery.

[10]  Essam S. Abd El-Sayed,et al.  Non-wood fibers as raw material for pulp and paper industry , 2020 .

[11]  A. S. Putra,et al.  Totally chlorine-free bleaching of prehydrolysis soda pulp from plantation hardwoods consisting of various lignin structures , 2019, Journal of Wood Science.

[12]  I. A. Dewi,et al.  Optimization on Pulp Delignification from Nypa Palm (Nypa fruticans) Petioles Fibre of Chemical and Microbiological Methods , 2018, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.

[13]  Zhong Liu,et al.  Pulping and Papermaking of Non-Wood Fibers , 2018, Pulp and Paper Processing.

[14]  A. Balea,et al.  Nanocellulose for Industrial Use , 2018 .

[15]  R. Maryana,et al.  Environment-Friendly Non-Sulfur Cooking and Totally ChlorineFree Bleaching for Preparation of Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose , 2017 .

[16]  A. S. Putra,et al.  Biorefinery of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch by Nitric Acid Prehydrolysis Soda Cooking. Production of furfural and dissolving pulp , 2017 .

[17]  L. Christopher,et al.  Recent trends and developments in dissolving pulp production and application , 2017, Cellulose.

[18]  S. Jahan,et al.  Variation of chemical characteristics and pulpability of dhaincha (Sesbania bispinosa) on location , 2017 .

[19]  I. AlShareef,et al.  Potential of Nypa palm as a complementary biomass crop to oil palm in Malaysia , 2016 .

[20]  M. Jahan,et al.  Potassium hydroxide pulping of rice straw in biorefinery initiatives. , 2016, Bioresource technology.

[21]  A. Das,et al.  Quality evaluation of dissolving pulp fabricated from banana plant stem and its potential for biorefinery. , 2016, Carbohydrate polymers.

[22]  M. M. Rahman,et al.  Soda pulping of umbrella palm grass (cyperus flabettiformic) , 2016 .

[23]  Y. Ni,et al.  Cellulose (dissolving pulp) manufacturing processes and properties: a mini-review. , 2016 .

[24]  H. Harsono,et al.  Preparation of dissolving pulp from oil palm empty fruit bunch by prehydrolysis soda-anthraquinone cooking method , 2015, Journal of Wood Science.

[25]  T. Widyawati,et al.  Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Nypa fruticans Wurmb. vinegar sample from Malaysia. , 2015, Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine.

[26]  Onur Tolga Okan,et al.  Comparison of pulping and bleaching behaviors of some agricultural residues , 2015 .

[27]  Qiang Liu,et al.  Application of peroxymonosulfuric acid as a modification of the totally chlorine-free bleaching of acacia wood prehydrolysis-kraft pulp , 2015, Journal of Wood Science.

[28]  S. Sugesty,et al.  Bamboo as Raw Materials for Dissolving Pulp with Environmental Friendly Technology for Rayon Fiber , 2015 .

[29]  M. Jahan,et al.  Variation of chemical and morphological properties of different parts of banana plant (Musa paradisica) and their effects on pulping , 2014 .

[30]  A. Rudie,et al.  Anthraquinone-A review of the rise and fall of a pulping catalyst , 2014 .

[31]  J. Colodette,et al.  Dissolving pulp production from sugar cane bagasse , 2014 .

[32]  O. Kordsachia,et al.  Comparison of MEA/AQ, soda and soda/AQ pulping of wheat and rye straw , 2014 .

[33]  S. Saka,et al.  Nipa (Nypa fruticans) sap as a potential feedstock for ethanol production , 2013 .

[34]  Y. Ni,et al.  Effect of pre-extraction on soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulping of rice straw , 2012 .

[35]  H. Zhai,et al.  Cell morphology and chemical characteristics of corn stover fractions , 2012 .

[36]  S. Saadallah,et al.  Chemical composition and pulp characterization of Tunisian vine stems , 2012 .

[37]  A. Akpakpan,et al.  Evaluation of physicochemical properties and soda pulping of Nypa fruticans frond and petiole , 2012 .

[38]  F. Gomes,et al.  DISSOLVING PULP PRODUCTION FROM BAMBOO , 2012 .

[39]  S. Saka,et al.  Chemical characterization of various parts of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) , 2011 .

[40]  Dharm Dutt,et al.  Anatomical, morphological, and chemical characterization of Bambusa tulda, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Bambusa balcooa, Malocana baccifera, Bambusa arundinacea, and Eucalyptus tereticornis , 2011, BioResources.

[41]  H. Ohi,et al.  Impact on the Filtrate from Bleached Pulp Treated with Peroxymonosulfuric Acid for Effective Removal of Hexenuronic Acid , 2011 .

[42]  Nicolas Brosse,et al.  Evaluation of grape stalks as a bioresource , 2011 .

[43]  N. Labbe,et al.  Simplified determination of lignin content in hard and soft woods via UV-spectrophotometric analysis of biomass dissolved in ionic liquids , 2010, BioResources.

[44]  M. F. Mhenni,et al.  Chemical composition and pulping of date palm rachis and Posidonia oceanica--a comparison with other wood and non-wood fibre sources. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[45]  A. Tozluoğlu,et al.  A comparison of soda and soda-AQ pulps from cotton stalks , 2009 .

[46]  J. Labidi,et al.  Rice straw pulp obtained by using various methods. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[47]  Zarita Zainuddin,et al.  Pulp from oil palm fronds by chemical processes , 2007 .

[48]  L. Jiménez,et al.  Comparison of various pulping processes for producing pulp from vine shoots , 2006 .

[49]  M. Jahan,et al.  Characterization and evaluation of golpata fronds as pulping raw materials. , 2006, Bioresource technology.

[50]  P. Hart,et al.  Statistical determination of the effects of enzymes on bleached pulp yield , 2005 .

[51]  A. Spiff,et al.  Desorption of Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ from Nipa palm ( Nypa fruticans Wurmb ) biomass , 2005 .

[52]  Z. Zainuddin,et al.  Effects of prehydrolysis on the production of dissolving pulp from empty fruit bunches. , 2004 .

[53]  Ahmet Tutuş,et al.  A practical solution to the silica problem in straw pulping , 2003 .

[54]  D. Montané,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethylcelluloses (CMC) from non-wood fibers I.Accessibility of cellulose fibers and CMC synthesis , 2002 .

[55]  A. Frühwald,et al.  Properties of Nipa- and Coconut Fibers and Production and Properties of Particle- and MDF-Boards made from Nipa and Coconut , 2001 .

[56]  H. Ohi Function of Anthraquinone as Pulping Additive and its Possibilities , 1994 .

[57]  M. J. Effland Modified procedure to determine acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. , 1977 .

[58]  Per Tomani,et al.  The Lignoboost Process , 2022 .