Dos and don’ts in response priming research

Response priming is a well-understood but sparsely employed paradigm in cognitive science. The method is powerful and well-suited for exploring early visuomotor processing in a wide range of tasks and research fields. Moreover, response priming can be dissociated from visual awareness, possibly because it is based on the first sweep of feedforward processing of primes and targets. This makes it a theoretically interesting device for separating conscious and unconscious vision. We discuss the major opportunities of the paradigm and give specific recommendations (e.g., tracing the time-course of priming in parametric experiments). Also, we point out typical confounds, design flaws, and data processing artifacts.

[1]  Thomas Schmidt,et al.  Visual Processing in Rapid-Chase Systems: Image Processing, Attention, and Awareness , 2011, Front. Psychology.

[2]  Wilfried Kunde,et al.  Masked response priming in expert typists , 2010, Consciousness and Cognition.

[3]  D. Vorberg,et al.  The time course of response inhibition in masked priming , 2005, Perception & psychophysics.

[4]  O. Neumann Direct parameter specification and the concept of perception , 1990, Psychological research.

[5]  T. Schmidt The Finger in Flight: Real-Time Motor Control by Visually Masked Color Stimuli , 2002, Psychological science.

[6]  V. Lamme How neuroscience will change our view on consciousness , 2010, Cognitive neuroscience.

[7]  Tony Ro,et al.  Unconscious Color Priming Occurs at Stimulus- Not Percept-Dependent Levels of Processing , 2004, Psychological science.

[8]  Thomas Metzinger,et al.  Conference on Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Empirical and Conceptual Questions , 1998, Consciousness and Cognition.

[9]  B. Meier,et al.  Advances in Cognitive Psychology , 2022 .

[10]  H. Spekreijse,et al.  Masking Interrupts Figure-Ground Signals in V1 , 2002, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[11]  Thomas Schmidt,et al.  Invariant time-course of priming with and without awareness , 2004 .

[12]  P. Merikle,et al.  Priming with and without awareness , 1984, Perception & psychophysics.

[13]  P. Sumner Negative and positive masked-priming – implications for motor inhibition , 2008, Advances in cognitive psychology.

[14]  Thorsten Albrecht,et al.  Individual differences in metacontrast masking are enhanced by perceptual learning , 2010, Consciousness and Cognition.

[15]  Wilfried Kunde,et al.  Sequential modulations of stimulus-response correspondence effects depend on awareness of response conflict , 2003, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[16]  Thomas Schmidt,et al.  Response priming driven by local contrast, not subjective brightness , 2010, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[17]  W Klotz,et al.  The effect of a masked stimulus on the response to the masking stimulus , 1995, Psychological research.

[18]  C. Koch,et al.  Visual Selective Behavior Can Be Triggered by a Feed-Forward Process , 2003, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[19]  Thomas Schmidt,et al.  Processing of natural images is feedforward: A simple behavioral test , 2009, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[20]  J. Schwarzbach,et al.  Different time courses for visual perception and action priming , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[21]  Uwe Mattler,et al.  Delayed flanker effects on lateralized readiness potentials , 2003, Experimental Brain Research.

[22]  W Schwarz,et al.  Relationship between flanker identifiability and compatibility effect , 1995, Perception & psychophysics.

[23]  Thomas Schmidt,et al.  Primes and targets in rapid chases: tracing sequential waves of motor activation. , 2006, Behavioral neuroscience.

[24]  Thomas Schmidt,et al.  Visual attention amplifies response priming of pointing movements to color targets , 2008, Perception & psychophysics.

[25]  V. Lamme,et al.  The distinct modes of vision offered by feedforward and recurrent processing , 2000, Trends in Neurosciences.

[26]  Uwe Mattler,et al.  Priming of mental operations by masked stimuli , 2003, Perception & psychophysics.

[27]  D. M. Green,et al.  Signal detection theory and psychophysics , 1966 .

[28]  Jonathan W. Schooler,et al.  Scientific Approaches to Consciousness , 1997 .

[29]  S. Dehaene,et al.  Imaging unconscious semantic priming , 1998, Nature.

[30]  M. Lucas,et al.  Semantic priming without association: A meta-analytic review , 2000, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[31]  Keith A Hutchison,et al.  Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A microanalytic review , 2003, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[32]  S. Dehaene,et al.  Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework , 2001, Cognition.

[33]  R A Abrams,et al.  Object-based visual attention with endogenous orienting , 2000, Perception & psychophysics.

[34]  V. Pelak,et al.  The First Half Second: The Microgenesis and Temporal Dynamics of Unconscious and Conscious Visual Processes , 2008 .

[35]  Philip M. Merikle,et al.  Parallels between Perception without Attention and Perception without Awareness , 1997, Consciousness and Cognition.

[36]  Jens Schwarzbach,et al.  Response priming with and without awareness , 2006 .

[37]  Piotr Jaśkowski,et al.  The negative compatibility effect with nonmasking flankers: A case for mask-triggered inhibition hypothesis , 2008, Consciousness and Cognition.

[38]  Johannes J. Fahrenfort,et al.  Masking Disrupts Reentrant Processing in Human Visual Cortex , 2007, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[39]  Denis Fize,et al.  Speed of processing in the human visual system , 1996, Nature.

[40]  M. Eimer,et al.  Effects of masked stimuli on motor activation: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[41]  Hartmut Leuthold,et al.  Mechanisms of Priming by Masked Stimuli: Inferences From Event-Related Brain Potentials , 1998 .

[42]  Bert Reynvoet,et al.  Mechanisms of masked priming: a meta-analysis. , 2009, Psychological bulletin.

[43]  J. Bullier Integrated model of visual processing , 2001, Brain Research Reviews.

[44]  Thomas Schmidt,et al.  Criteria for unconscious cognition: Three types of dissociation , 2006, Perception & psychophysics.

[45]  O. Neumann,et al.  Manual and Verbal Responses to Completely Masked (Unreportable) Stimuli: Exploring Some Conditions for the Metacontrast Dissociation , 1998, Perception.

[46]  Gereon R Fink,et al.  Cerebral correlates of alerting, orienting and reorienting of visuospatial attention: an event-related fMRI study , 2004, NeuroImage.

[47]  E. Reingold,et al.  Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness , 1988, Perception & psychophysics.

[48]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task , 1974 .

[49]  Ulrich Ansorge,et al.  Please Scroll down for Article the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Revisiting the Metacontrast Dissociation: Comparing Sensitivity across Different Measures and Tasks , 2022 .

[50]  Rolf Verleger,et al.  Qualitative differences between conscious and nonconscious processing? On inverse priming induced by masked arrows. , 2004, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[51]  J. Hoffmann,et al.  Conscious control over the content of unconscious cognition , 2003, Cognition.

[52]  M. Eimer,et al.  Response facilitation and inhibition in subliminal priming , 2003, Biological Psychology.

[53]  Rolf Verleger,et al.  Mask- and distractor-triggered inhibitory processes in the priming of motor responses: an EEG study. , 2007, Psychophysiology.

[54]  Ronald A. Rensink,et al.  Competition for consciousness among visual events: the psychophysics of reentrant visual processes. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[55]  S. Yantis,et al.  Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: voluntary versus automatic allocation. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[56]  Thomas Schmidt,et al.  Visual perception without awareness: Priming responses by color. , 2000 .

[57]  Thomas Schmidt,et al.  Feature-based attention to unconscious shapes and colors , 2010, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[58]  S. Dehaene,et al.  The priming method: imaging unconscious repetition priming reveals an abstract representation of number in the parietal lobes. , 2001, Cerebral cortex.

[59]  Stephen M. Rao,et al.  Neural Mechanisms of Visual Attention: Object-Based Selection of a Region in Space , 2000, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[60]  O. Neumann,et al.  Motor activation without conscious discrimination in metacontrast masking. , 1999 .

[61]  Wilfried Kunde,et al.  Playing chess unconsciously. , 2009, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[62]  Ulrich Ansorge,et al.  Comparing sensitivity across different processing measures under metacontrast masking conditions , 2007, Vision Research.

[63]  Neil A. Macmillan,et al.  Detection theory: A user's guide, 2nd ed. , 2005 .

[64]  T. Schmidt,et al.  Tracing sequential waves of rapid visuomotor activation in lateralized readiness potentials , 2007, Neuroscience.