A new event-driven Dynamic Vision Sensor based Physical Unclonable Function for camera authentication in reactive monitoring system

Surveillance footage has become an integral part of law enforcement as video cameras become ubiquitous, affordable and more reliable. Dynamic vision sensor (DVS) emerges as a new sensing technology that outsmarts existing static CMOS image sensors in vision-enabled traffic monitoring, assisted living and high-speed target tracking for its low latency, high temporal resolution and wide dynamic range under uncontrolled illumination. Instead of recording a steady stream of snapshots taken at a fixed rate, DVS responds only to temporal contrast and records only sparse asynchronous address-events with precise timing information. However, the accountability of the footage captured is incomplete if the cue is triggered by an unidentified device. One effective way to eliminate the anonymity is to build a random oracle out of the DVS sensor and use its authenticity as a root of trust to protect the integrity of the footage. In this paper, we present the first ever event-based physical unclonable function (PUF) for DVS camera identification and secret key generation in reactive monitoring system. A non-intrusive PUF response readout scheme is proposed by exploiting the two unique reset switches, one continuous-timed and one self-timed, of DVS pixel to enable simultaneous generation of PUF response with non-disruptive output of asynchronous address-events. Only three transistors are added to each pixel to isolate the PUF response readout and to prevent the spontaneously detected DVS events from interfering with the PUF operation, which is also triggered by the reflectance change in the scene. Our simulation results based on 1.8V 180nm CMOS technology show that the raw response generated by the proposed event-driven DVS-based PUF has near ideal uniqueness of 49.96%, and worst-case reliability of 96.3% and 99.2% for variations of temperature from −35∼115°C and supply voltage from 1.6∼2.0V, respectively. Its randomness has also been attested by the NIST tests.

[1]  Heinrich Garn,et al.  Estimation of Vehicle Speed Based on Asynchronous Data from a Silicon Retina Optical Sensor , 2006, 2006 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference.

[2]  Ayesha Bano,et al.  An intelligent surveillance with cloud storage for home security , 2014, 2014 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON).

[3]  Kosmas Dimitropoulos,et al.  Video sensor network for real-time traffic monitoring and surveillance , 2010 .

[4]  Tobi Delbrück,et al.  A 128$\times$ 128 120 dB 15 $\mu$s Latency Asynchronous Temporal Contrast Vision Sensor , 2008, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[5]  Sergei Skorobogatov,et al.  Semi-invasive attacks: a new approach to hardware security analysis , 2005 .

[6]  Tobi Delbruck,et al.  A 240 × 180 130 dB 3 µs Latency Global Shutter Spatiotemporal Vision Sensor , 2014, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[7]  H. E. Ghitani.  DIBL coefficient in short-channel NMOS transistors , 1999, Proceedings of the Sixteenth National Radio Science Conference. NRSC'99 (IEEE Cat. No.99EX249).

[8]  Jeroen Delvaux,et al.  Key-recovery attacks on various RO PUF constructions via helper data manipulation , 2014, 2014 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE).

[9]  Bernhard Rinner,et al.  Sensor-level security and privacy protection by embedding video content analysis , 2013, 2013 18th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP).

[10]  Massimo Alioto,et al.  Understanding DC Behavior of Subthreshold CMOS Logic Through Closed-Form Analysis , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[11]  Davide Scaramuzza,et al.  Lifetime estimation of events from Dynamic Vision Sensors , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA).

[12]  Bernabé Linares-Barranco,et al.  A 128$\,\times$ 128 1.5% Contrast Sensitivity 0.9% FPN 3 µs Latency 4 mW Asynchronous Frame-Free Dynamic Vision Sensor Using Transimpedance Preamplifiers , 2013, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[13]  Kwabena Boahen,et al.  A burst-mode word-serial address-event link-I: transmitter design , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[14]  T. Delbruck,et al.  > Replace This Line with Your Paper Identification Number (double-click Here to Edit) < 1 , 2022 .

[15]  Elaine B. Barker,et al.  A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications , 2000 .

[16]  Chip-Hong Chang,et al.  CMOS Image Sensor Based Physical Unclonable Function for Coherent Sensor-Level Authentication , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[17]  Chip-Hong Chang,et al.  CMOS image sensor based physical unclonable function for smart phone security applications , 2014, 2014 International Symposium on Integrated Circuits (ISIC).

[18]  Bernhard Rinner,et al.  Security and Privacy Protection in Visual Sensor Networks , 2014, ACM Comput. Surv..