Principles of animal extrapolation

ANIMAL EXTRAPOLATION: AN INTRODUCTION. Federal Legislation and Predictive Toxicology. The Early Use of Animal Models. How Much Testing Is Needed? Are Perfect Testing Schemes Possible? Inadequacies of Present Predictive Schemes. Animal Rights, Humane Considerations, and Human Needs. Educating the Public: Perception Versus Reality. Regulatory Needs. ABSORPTION: INTERSPECIES DIFFERENCES. The Gastrointestinal Tract. Dermal Absorption. Respiratory Tract Absorption. INTESTINAL MICROFLORA. Introduction. Interspecies Differences. Summary. TISSUE DISTRIBUTION: INTERSPECIES DIFFERENCES. Protein Binding. Biliary Excretion. The Blood-Brain Barrier: The Toxicological Implications of Interspecies Differences in Maturation. Interspecies Differences in the Tissue Distribution of Mercury. COMPARATIVE METABOLISM: THE PRINCIPAL CAUSE OF DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TOXIC AND CARCINOGENIC AGENTS. General Principles. Organophosphate Insecticides: A Specific Application. Other Examples. A REEVALUATION OF THE RAT AS A LABORATORY ANIMAL. ANIMAL MODELS FOR SELECTED HIGH-RISK GROUPS. Introduction. Hereditary Blood Disorders. White Blood Cells: Interspecies Differences in the Detoxification of Hydrogen Peroxide by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. Cardiovascular Disease Models. Sulfite Oxidase Deficiency in the Hepatic Disease Model: A High-Risk Factor in Sulfur Dioxide, Sulfite, and Bisulfite Toxicity, and Possible Animal Models. Respiratory Disorders. DERMATOXICITY: PREDICTIVE MODELS. Ocular Toxicity. Contact Dermatitis. Allergic Hypersensitivity. Phototoxicity. GENOTOXICITY: PREDICTIVE MODELS. The Relationship of Mutagenicity to Carcinogenicity. Quantitative Interspecies Comparisons of Genetic Damage. An Attempt to Establish the Biological Basis of Interspecies Predictions of Mutation Rates. DNA REPAIR: INTERSPECIES DIFFERENCES. Introduction. DNA Repair and Carcinogenesis. Interspecies Comparisons of DNA Repair Processes. Summary. TERATOGENICITY: PREDICTIVE MODELS. The Use of Predictive Animal Models in Teratogenicity Testing Before the Thalidomide Tragedy. The Predictive Potential of Animal Models. New Approaches. Interspecies Differences in Metabolism. Comparative Placental Morphology and Function in Animal Models. Discussion and Conclusions. SCALING: AN ATTEMPT TO FIND A COMMON DENOMINATOR. Introduction. The Scaling Concept. Pharmacokinetics: Dependence on Body Weight. The Use of Scaling in Carcinogen Evaluation. The use of Allometry in Extrapolation: A Summary. Lifespan, a Common Denominator for Interspecies Comparisons in Carcinogenicity Studies: Another Example of Scaling Effects. DOWNWARD EXTRAPOLATION. Establishing Dose-Response Relationships. Safety Factors. Attempts to Determine Safe Doses for Carcinogens. Latency as a Function of Dose in Cancer Development. Quantitative Approaches to Downward Extrapolation. The Biological Plausibility of the Models. Attempts to Validate Downward Extrapolation Models. The Use of Quantitative Risk Evaluation by U.S. Regulatory Agencies. ANIMAL EXTRAPOLATION: A SUMMARY. INDEX.