Connecting global priorities: biodiversity and human health: a state of knowledge review.

Air pollution is a significant problem in cities across the world. It affects human health and well-being, ecosystem health, crops, climate, visibility and human-made materials. Health effects related to air pollution include its impact on the pulmonary, cardiac, vascular and neurological systems (Section 2). Trees affect air quality through a number of means (Section 3) and can be used to improve air quality (Section 4). However, air pollution also affects tree health and plant diversity (Section 5). Bioindicators can be useful for monitoring air quality and indicating environmental health (Section 6). Understanding the impacts of vegetation biodiversity on air quality and air quality on vegetation biodiversity is essential to sustaining healthy and diverse ecosystems, and for improving air quality and consequently human health and well-being.

[1]  Grazia Zulian,et al.  Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem service supply, biodiversity, and habitat conservation status in Europe , 2012 .

[2]  Dan Brockington,et al.  Contested Nature: Promoting International Biodiversity with Social Justice in the Twenty-first Century , 2003 .

[3]  S. Levy.  The Lyme Disease Debate Host Biodiversity and Human Disease Risk , 2013, Environmental health perspectives.

[4]  C. Mora,et al.  The Balance of Nature and Human Impact: Anthropogenic footprints on biodiversity , 2013 .

[5]  Jizhong Zhou,et al.  Phylogenetic Molecular Ecological Network of Soil Microbial Communities in Response to Elevated CO2 , 2011, mBio.

[6]  H. D. Cooper,et al.  From Manaus to Maputo: Toward a Public Health and Biodiversity Framework , 2014, EcoHealth.

[7]  H. D. Cooper,et al.  The integration of biodiversity into One Health. , 2014, Revue scientifique et technique.

[8]  Neo D. Martinez,et al.  Food webs: reconciling the structure and function of biodiversity. , 2012, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[9]  K. Seto,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Global Urban Land Expansion , 2011, PloS one.

[10]  C. S. Holling,et al.  Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social–ecological Systems , 2004 .

[11]  Garry D. Peterson,et al.  Untangling the Environmentalist's Paradox: Why is Human Well-Being Increasing as Ecosystem Services Degrade? , 2010, BioScience.

[12]  G. Mace,et al.  Biodiversity and ecosystem services: a multilayered relationship. , 2012, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[13]  S. Naeem,et al.  Disentangling biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: deriving solutions to a seemingly insurmountable problem , 2003 .

[14]  C.Y. Jim,et al.  Ecosystem services and valuation of urban forests in China , 2009 .

[15]  P. Aspinall,et al.  More green space is linked to less stress in deprived communities: Evidence from salivary cortisol patterns , 2012 .

[16]  J. Spangenberg,et al.  Precisely incorrect? Monetising the value of ecosystem services § , 2010 .

[17]  Takehiro Sasaki,et al.  Response diversity determines the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change , 2013, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[18]  Steven G. McNulty,et al.  Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change , 2009 .

[19]  Sahotra Sarkar,et al.  Operationalizing biodiversity for conservation planning , 2002, Journal of Biosciences.

[20]  F. Chapin,et al.  A safe operating space for humanity , 2009, Nature.

[21]  R. Ostfeld,et al.  Biodiversity and Disease Risk: the Case of Lyme Disease , 2000 .

[22]  C. Kremen.  Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology? , 2005, Ecology letters.

[23]  A. Gurung,et al.  Peoples’ Perception Towards Urban Forestry and Institutional Involvement in Metropolitan Cities: A Survey of Lalitpur City in Nepal , 2012, Small-scale Forestry.

[24]  Fan Wu,et al.  Preventing chronic diseases in China , 2005, The Lancet.

[25]  Brendan Mackey,et al.  Forest resilience, biodiversity, and climate change: a synthesis of the biodiversity/resilience/stability relationship in forest ecosystems , 2009 .

[26]  Andrew Gonzalez,et al.  Economic Inequality Predicts Biodiversity Loss , 2007, PloS one.

[27]  A. Rundle,et al.  Children living in areas with more street trees have lower prevalence of asthma , 2008, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.

[28]  J. Box.  Building Urban Biodiversity through Financial Incentives, Regulation, and Targets , 2011 .

[29]  Jarrett E. K. Byrnes,et al.  Linking Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Current Uncertainties and the Necessary Next Steps , 2014 .

[30]  F. Chapin,et al.  EFFECTS OF BIODIVERSITY ON ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING: A CONSENSUS OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE , 2005 .

[31]  Kevin J. Gaston,et al.  Biodiversity and the Feel-Good Factor: Understanding Associations between Self-Reported Human Well-Being and Species Richness , 2012 .

[32]  Jasper Schipperijn,et al.  Factors influencing the use of green space: Results from a Danish national representative survey , 2010 .

[33]  Robert I. McDonald,et al.  The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation , 2008 .

[34]  G. Daily,et al.  Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity , 2012, Nature.

[35]  F. Chapin,et al.  Consequences of changing biodiversity , 2000, Nature.

[36]  H. Woolley,et al.  Urban Open Spaces , 2003 .

[37]  Sharon Friel,et al.  Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health , 2008, The Lancet.

[38]  R. Haines-Young,et al.  Ecosystem Ecology: The links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being , 2010 .

[39]  Jonathan Freeman,et al.  The Value of Public Space: How High Quality Parks and Public Spaces Create Economic, Social and Environmental Value , 2004 .

[40]  Tari Haahtela,et al.  Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[41]  L. Payne,et al.  Local parks and the health of older adults. , 1998 .

[42]  HighWire Press.  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 1781, The London Medical Journal.

[43]  M E Woolhouse,et al.  Risk factors for human disease emergence. , 2001, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[44]  J. Patz,et al.  Influence of Deforestation, Logging, and Fire on Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon , 2014, PloS one.

[45]  R. Mitchell,et al.  Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study , 2008, The Lancet.

[46]  M. Griffin,et al.  Green exercise in the UK countryside: Effects on health and psychological well-being, and implications for policy and planning , 2007 .

[47]  A. Duraiappah,et al.  The Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: opportunities for the social sciences , 2011 .

[48]  Guy Woodward,et al.  Emerging horizons in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research. , 2009, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[49]  Lin Jiang,et al.  On the importance of the negative selection effect for the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning , 2008 .

[50]  D. Matthies,et al.  The influence of plant diversity on people’s perception and aesthetic appreciation of grassland vegetation , 2010 .

[51]  Garry D. Peterson,et al.  Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience , 2003 .

[52]  K. Gaston,et al.  Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity , 2007, Biology Letters.

[53]  J. P. Grime,et al.  Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges , 2001, Science.

[54]  Andrew Balmford,et al.  Trends in the state of nature and their implications for human well-being. , 2005, Ecology letters.

[55]  P. Crutzen.  Geology of mankind , 2002, Nature.

[56]  P. Balvanera,et al.  Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. , 2006, Ecology letters.

[57]  R. Coutinho,et al.  Biodiversity Can Help Prevent Malaria Outbreaks in Tropical Forests , 2013, PLoS neglected tropical diseases.

[58]  Kate E. Jones,et al.  Global trends in emerging infectious diseases , 2008, Nature.

[59]  S. Stearns.  Sustaining Life: How Human Health Depends on Biodiversity , 2009, Environmental Health Perspectives.

[60]  J. Scharlemann,et al.  Review of the literature on the links between biodiversity and climate change: impacts, adaptation and mitigation. , 2009 .

[61]  Jason D. Hoeksema,et al.  Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: implications for conservation ecology , 2000, Oecologia.

[62]  Jarrett E. K. Byrnes,et al.  A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change , 2012, Nature.

[63]  K Nakamura,et al.  Urban residential environments and senior citizens’ longevity in megacity areas: the importance of walkable green spaces , 2002, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[64]  C. Folke.  RESILIENCE: THE EMERGENCE OF A PERSPECTIVE FOR SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ANALYSES , 2006 .

[65]  R. Hough.  Biodiversity and human health: evidence for causality? , 2013, Biodiversity and Conservation.

[66]  Donald C. Keenan,et al.  Disease Ecology, Biodiversity, and the Latitudinal Gradient in Income , 2012, PLoS biology.

[67]  P. Groenewegen,et al.  Natural Environments—Healthy Environments? An Exploratory Analysis of the Relationship between Greenspace and Health , 2003 .

[68]  S. Postel,et al.  Watershed protection: Capturing the benefits of nature's water supply services , 2005 .

[69]  K. Lomas,et al.  Ecological and Psychological Value of Urban Green Space , 2010 .

[70]  J. Epstein,et al.  Interdisciplinary approaches to understanding disease emergence: The past, present, and future drivers of Nipah virus emergence , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[71]  L. F. Chaves,et al.  Climatic variability and landscape heterogeneity impact urban mosquito diversity and vector abundance and infection , 2011 .

[72]  Richard S. Ostfeld,et al.  Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[73]  P. Reich,et al.  The Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes , 1997 .

[74]  J. Lamarque,et al.  Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines , 2010, Science.

[75]  S. Carpenter,et al.  Ecosystem stewardship: sustainability strategies for a rapidly changing planet. , 2010, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[76]  J. MacLaurin,et al.  What Is Biodiversity , 2008 .

[77]  R. Beaglehole,et al.  The changing global context of public health , 2000, The Lancet.

[78]  P. Groenewegen,et al.  EVIDENCE BASED PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY AND PRACTICE Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation? , 2006 .

[79]  B. Smit,et al.  Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability , 2006 .