Impact of magnetic field parameters and iron oxide nanoparticle properties on heat generation for use in magnetic hyperthermia.

Heating of nanoparticles (NPs) using an AC magnetic field depends on several factors, and optimization of these parameters can improve the efficiency of heat generation for effective cancer therapy while administering a low NP treatment dose. This study investigated magnetic field strength and frequency, NP size, NP concentration, and solution viscosity as important parameters that impact the heating efficiency of iron oxide NPs with magnetite (Fe3O4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) crystal structures. Heating efficiencies were determined for each experimental setting, with specific absorption rates (SARs) ranging from 3.7 to 325.9 W/g Fe. Magnetic heating was conducted on iron oxide NPs synthesized in our laboratories (with average core sizes of 8, 11, 13, and 18 nm), as well as commercially-available iron oxides (with average core sizes of 8, 9, and 16 nm). The experimental magnetic coil system made it possible to isolate the effect of magnetic field parameters and independently study the effect on heat generation. The highest SAR values were found for the 18 nm synthesized particles and the maghemite nanopowder. Magnetic field strengths were applied in the range of 15.1 to 47.7 kA/m, with field frequencies ranging from 123 to 430 kHz. The best heating was observed for the highest field strengths and frequencies tested, with results following trends predicted by the Rosensweig equation. An increase in solution viscosity led to lower heating rates in nanoparticle solutions, which can have significant implications for the application of magnetic fluid hyperthermia in vivo.

[1]  Werner A. Kaiser,et al.  Maghemite nanoparticles with very high AC-losses for application in RF-magnetic hyperthermia , 2004 .

[2]  Lucía Gutiérrez,et al.  Biological applications of magnetic nanoparticles. , 2012, Chemical Society reviews.

[3]  Yu Zhang,et al.  SYNTHESIS OF NANOMETER-SIZE MAGHEMITE PARTICLES FROM MAGNETITE , 2004 .

[4]  Oded Maimon,et al.  Predictive Toxicology of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: comparative in-vitro study of different cellular models using methods of knowledge discovery from data , 2013, Particle and Fibre Toxicology.

[5]  T. Yamashita,et al.  Analysis of XPS spectra of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in oxide materials , 2008 .

[6]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Size dependence of specific power absorption of Fe3O4 particles in AC magnetic field , 2004 .

[7]  R. E. Rosensweig,et al.  Heating magnetic fluid with alternating magnetic field , 2002 .

[8]  A. Akbarzadeh,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticles: preparation, physical properties, and applications in biomedicine , 2012, Nanoscale Research Letters.

[9]  Hao-Yu Tseng,et al.  Localised heating of tumours utilising injectable magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia cancer therapy. , 2009, IET nanobiotechnology.

[10]  J. Marco,et al.  Uniform and water stable magnetite nanoparticles with diameters around the monodomain–multidomain limit , 2008 .

[11]  Robert Ivkov,et al.  The influence of collective behavior on the magnetic and heating properties of iron oxide nanoparticles , 2008 .

[12]  W Andrä,et al.  Electromagnetic heating of breast tumors in interventional radiology: in vitro and in vivo studies in human cadavers and mice. , 2001, Radiology.

[13]  K. Krishnan.  Biomedical Nanomagnetics: A Spin Through Possibilities in Imaging, Diagnostics, and Therapy , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[14]  Yuping Bao,et al.  Water-soluble iron oxide nanoparticles with high stability and selective surface functionality. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[15]  Takashi Nakagawa,et al.  Suitability of commercial colloids for magnetic hyperthermia , 2009 .

[16]  K. Murase,et al.  Simulation and experimental studies on magnetic hyperthermia with use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles , 2011, Radiological physics and technology.

[17]  M. Hiraoka,et al.  Effect of Particle Size of Magnetite Nanoparticles on Heat Generating Ability under Alternating Magnetic Field , 2010 .

[18]  K. Simeonidis,et al.  Size-Dependent Mechanisms in AC Magnetic Hyperthermia Response of Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[19]  S. Dutz,et al.  INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: CONDENSED MATTER , 2005 .

[20]  Eric Pridgen,et al.  Factors Affecting the Clearance and Biodistribution of Polymeric Nanoparticles , 2008, Molecular pharmaceutics.

[21]  Matthias Zeisberger,et al.  Validity limits of the Néel relaxation model of magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[22]  M. Torres-Lugo,et al.  Enhanced reduction in cell viability by hyperthermia induced by magnetic nanoparticles , 2011, International journal of nanomedicine.

[23]  L. Brannon-Peppas,et al.  Nanoparticle and targeted systems for cancer therapy. , 2004, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[24]  Ulrich Pison,et al.  One-pot synthesis of pegylated ultrasmall iron-oxide nanoparticles and their in vivo evaluation as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. , 2006, Biomacromolecules.

[25]  I. Kennedy,et al.  Novel lanthanide-labeled metal oxide nanoparticles improve the measurement of in vivo clearance and translocation , 2013, Particle and Fibre Toxicology.

[26]  Liberato Manna,et al.  Water-soluble iron oxide nanocubes with high values of specific absorption rate for cancer cell hyperthermia treatment. , 2012, ACS nano.

[27]  Rocío Costo,et al.  Study of Heating Efficiency as a Function of Concentration, Size, and Applied Field in γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles , 2012 .

[28]  Matthias Zeisberger,et al.  Size-dependant heating rates of iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic fluid hyperthermia. , 2009, Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials.

[29]  J. Greneche,et al.  Magnetic properties of Zn-substituted MnFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized in polyol as potential heating agents for hyperthermia. Evaluation of their toxicity on Endothelial cells , 2010 .

[30]  Robert C. O'Handley,et al.  Modern magnetic materials , 2000 .

[31]  Hao Zeng,et al.  Monodisperse MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Mn) nanoparticles. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[32]  H. Too,et al.  The effects of particle size and surface coating on the cytotoxicity of nickel ferrite. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[33]  P. Wust,et al.  Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia (MFH) , 1997 .

[34]  Theodore L. DeWeese,et al.  Magnetic nanoparticle heating efficiency reveals magneto-structural differences when characterized with wide ranging and high amplitude alternating magnetic fields , 2011 .

[35]  Eugene Shi Guang Choo,et al.  Optimization of surface coating on Fe3O4 nanoparticles for high performance magnetic hyperthermia agents , 2012 .

[36]  J. Bacri,et al.  Size-sorted anionic iron oxide nanomagnets as colloidal mediators for magnetic hyperthermia. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[37]  C. Chiang,et al.  Simulating physiological conditions to evaluate nanoparticles for magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) therapy applications , 2010 .

[38]  A. Glover,et al.  Magnetic Heating of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Magnetic Micelles for Cancer Therapy , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[39]  Peter Wust,et al.  Description and characterization of the novel hyperthermia- and thermoablation-system MFH 300F for clinical magnetic fluid hyperthermia. , 2004, Medical physics.

[40]  J. L. Roti,et al.  Cellular responses to hyperthermia (40-46°C) : Cell killing and molecular events , 2008 .

[41]  Kannan M Krishnan,et al.  Tailored magnetic nanoparticles for optimizing magnetic fluid hyperthermia. , 2012, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[42]  J. Zee,et al.  Heating the patient: a promising approach? , 2002 .

[43]  P. Wust,et al.  Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH): Cancer treatment with AC magnetic field induced excitation of biocompatible superparamagnetic nanoparticles , 1999 .

[44]  Catherine C. Berry,et al.  Functionalisation of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in biomedicine , 2003 .