Partitioning global patterns of freshwater fish beta diversity reveals contrasting signatures of past climate changes.

Here, we employ an additive partitioning framework to disentangle the contribution of spatial turnover and nestedness to beta diversity patterns in the global freshwater fish fauna. We find that spatial turnover and nestedness differ geographically in their contribution to freshwater fish beta diversity, a pattern that results from contrasting influences of Quaternary climate changes. Differences in fish faunas characterized by nestedness are greater in drainage basins that experienced larger amplitudes of Quaternary climate oscillations. Conversely, higher levels of spatial turnover are found in historically unglaciated drainage basins with high topographic relief, these having experienced greater Quaternary climate stability. Such an historical climate signature is not clearly detected when considering the overall level of beta diversity. Quantifying the relative roles of historical and ecological factors in explaining present-day patterns of beta diversity hence requires considering the different processes generating these patterns and not solely the overall level of beta diversity.

[1]  C. Graham,et al.  Habitat history improves prediction of biodiversity in rainforest fauna. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  J. Friedman.  Greedy function approximation: A gradient boosting machine. , 2001 .

[3]  C. Rahbek,et al.  Geographic Range Size and Determinants of Avian Species Richness , 2002, Science.

[4]  James C. Stegen,et al.  PERSPECTIVE Navigating the multiple meanings of b diversity: a roadmap for the practicing ecologist , 2010 .

[5]  A. Baselga.  Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity , 2010 .

[6]  Dean L. Urban,et al.  Beta Diversity and Nature Reserve System Design in the Yukon, Canada , 2005 .

[7]  Mark V. Lomolino,et al.  Species Diversity in Space and Time. , 1996 .

[8]  D Hémon,et al.  Assessing the significance of the correlation between two spatial processes. , 1989, Biometrics.

[9]  Sovan Lek,et al.  Energy availability and habitat heterogeneity predict global riverine fish diversity , 1998, Nature.

[10]  T. Rangel,et al.  SAM: a comprehensive application for Spatial Analysis in Macroecology , 2010 .

[11]  J. L. Gittleman,et al.  Quaternary Climate Change and the Geographic Ranges of Mammals , 2009, The American Naturalist.

[12]  S. Blanchet,et al.  Fish Invasions in the World's River Systems: When Natural Processes Are Blurred by Human Activities , 2008, PLoS biology.

[13]  S. Sarkar,et al.  Systematic conservation planning , 2000, Nature.

[14]  Bradford A. Hawkins,et al.  Relative influences of current and historical factors on mammal and bird diversity patterns in deglaciated North America , 2003 .

[15]  W. Jetz,et al.  Linking global turnover of species and environments , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[16]  C. Badgley,et al.  The latitudinal gradient of beta diversity in relation to climate and topography for mammals in North America , 2009 .

[17]  E. Wiley,et al.  The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes , 1987 .

[18]  Gerald R. Smith.  Late Cenozoic Freshwater Fishes of North America , 1981 .

[19]  Kevin J. Gaston,et al.  Measuring beta diversity for presence–absence data , 2003 .

[20]  Andrew P. Martin,et al.  Comparative mtDNA phylogeography of neotropical freshwater fishes: testing shared history to infer the evolutionary landscape of lower Central America , 1998, Molecular ecology.

[21]  R. G. Davies,et al.  Spatial turnover in the global avifauna , 2007, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[22]  S. Lek,et al.  Patterns of endemism in riverine fish of the northern hemisphere , 1999 .

[23]  J Elith,et al.  A working guide to boosted regression trees. , 2008, The Journal of animal ecology.

[24]  M. Stiassny,et al.  Global diversity of fish (Pisces) in freshwater , 2007, Hydrobiologia.

[25]  S. Blanchet,et al.  Non-native species disrupt the worldwide patterns of freshwater fish body size: implications for Bergmann's rule. , 2010, Ecology letters.

[26]  P. White,et al.  Putting Beta-Diversity on the Map: Broad-Scale Congruence and Coincidence in the Extremes , 2007, PLoS biology.

[27]  Kevin J. Gaston,et al.  The geographical structure of British bird distributions: diversity, spatial turnover and scale , 2001 .

[28]  G. Hewitt.  Genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the Quaternary. , 2004, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[29]  Edward J. Laurent,et al.  Climatic drivers of hemispheric asymmetry in global patterns of ant species richness. , 2009, Ecology letters.

[30]  Morteza Djamali,et al.  Island Biogeography; ecology, evolution, and conservation , 2013 .

[31]  J. Olden,et al.  Contrasting patterns and mechanisms of spatial turnover for native and exotic freshwater fish in Europe , 2009 .

[32]  R. Whittaker.  Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California , 1960 .

[33]  C. Revenga,et al.  Watersheds of the World: Ecological Value and Vulnerability-World Resour , 1998 .

[34]  T. Davies,et al.  Global variation in diversification rates of flowering plants: energy vs. climate change. , 2007, Ecology letters.

[35]  R. Jansson,et al.  Global patterns in endemism explained by past climatic change , 2003, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[36]  Miguel B. Araújo,et al.  Quaternary climate changes explain diversity among reptiles and amphibians , 2008 .

[37]  Walter Jetz,et al.  A framework for delineating biogeographical regions based on species distributions , 2010 .

[38]  R. Jansson,et al.  Evolutionary consequences of changes in species' geographical distributions driven by Milankovitch climate oscillations. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  C. Badgley.  Tectonics, topography, and mammalian diversity , 2010 .

[40]  J. Albert,et al.  Miocene tectonism and the separation of cis- and trans-Andean river basins: Evidence from Neotropical fishes , 2006 .

[41]  David Griffiths.  Pattern and process in the ecological biogeography of European freshwater fish. , 2006, The Journal of animal ecology.

[42]  P. Legendre.  Spatial Autocorrelation: Trouble or New Paradigm? , 1993 .

[43]  K. Gaston,et al.  Scaling Biodiversity: The scaling of spatial turnover: pruning the thicket , 2007 .

[44]  W. Jetz,et al.  Environmental and historical constraints on global patterns of amphibian richness , 2007, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[45]  D. Pont,et al.  Patterns in species richness and endemism of European freshwater fish , 2006 .

[46]  T. Rangel,et al.  Environmental drivers of beta‐diversity patterns in New‐World birds and mammals , 2009 .