Real Field Deployment of a Smart Fiber-Optic Surveillance System for Pipeline Integrity Threat Detection: Architectural Issues and Blind Field Test Results

This paper presents an online augmented surveillance system that aims at real-time monitoring of activities along a pipeline. The system is deployed in a fully realistic scenario and exposed to real activities carried out in unknown places at unknown times within a given test time interval (the so-called blind field tests). We describe the system architecture that includes specific modules to deal with the fact that continuous online monitoring needs to be carried out, while addressing the need of limiting the false alarms at reasonable rates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published work in which a pipeline integrity threat detection system is deployed in a realistic scenario (using a fiber optic along an active gas pipeline) and is thoroughly and objectively evaluated under realistic blind conditions. The system integrates two operation modes: the <italic>machine+activity identification </italic> mode identifies the machine that carries out a certain activity along the pipeline, and the <italic>threat detection</italic> mode directly identifies if the activity along the pipeline is a threat or not. The blind field tests are carried out in two different pipeline sections: the first section corresponds to the case in which the sensor is close to the sensed area, while the second one places the sensed area about <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{35}$</tex-math></inline-formula> km far from the sensor. Results of the machine+activity identification mode showed an average machine+activity classification rate of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{46.6}\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>. For the threat detection mode, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{eight}$</tex-math></inline-formula> out of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $\text{ten}$</tex-math></inline-formula> threats were correctly detected, with only <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{one}$</tex-math></inline-formula> false alarm appearing in a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{55.5}$</tex-math></inline-formula>-h sensed period.