In 1991 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its revised Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents. The protective action guides contained in the manual represent EPA's formal recommendations to Federal, State, and local emergency response officials for protecting public health and safety during a nuclear incident. These guides are expressed in terms of the projected dose at which action(s) should be taken to reduce or eliminate that dose. In determining the appropriate values for the protective action guides, the Agency considered the following four principles: (1) acute health effects should be avoided, (2) the risk of delayed health effects should be minimized, (3) the values should not be higher than justified by a cost-benefit analysis, and (4) the risk to health from implementing the protective action should not be greater than the risk from the dose avoided. This paper examines each of these principles and their application in the selection of the evacuation and sheltering protective action guides for the early, or immediate, phase of a nuclear incident.
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