Understanding the difference

Dēmos Dēmos is a national, non-partisan public policy center headquartered in New York City. Dē-mos generates ideas,research and advocacy to ensure that all Americans are able to benefit in our economy and participate fully in our democracy. at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. Weerts' teaching and scholarly interests include state financing of higher education, university-community engagement, and alumni giving, advocacy, and volunteerism. His research on these topics appears in leading higher education journals including The Journal of Higher Education, Research in Higher Education, and the Review of Higher Education. Weerts has eight years of experience in university advancement, and has held major gifts officer positions at the University of Wisconsin Foundation and University of Minnesota Foundation. He holds a Ph.D in higher education from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. THOMAS SANFORD is an Affiliate Researcher with the Jandris Center for innovative Higher education in the Department of Organizational Leadership, Policy, and Development at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. Additionally, Sanford serves as an adjunct faculty member at vanderbilt University and St. Cloud State University. Sanford's research and teaching interests include quantitative methodology, higher education finance, and organizational theory. His research has appeared in several leading higher education journals and has been highlighted in the Chronicle of Higher education and inside Higher education. Thomas earned a Ph.D. in higher education for the University of Minnesota. LeAH ReiNeRT is a doctoral student in higher education and a graduate research assistant for the Department of Organizational Leadership, Policy, and Development at the University of Minnesota. Additionally, Leah has worked as a graduate research assistant for the Midwest-ern Higher education Compact since September 2011. Her research interests include faculty issues, gender equity, diversity in higher education, higher education history, and pedagogical strategies. Leah earned her B.S. in University Studies and M.S.ed. in Higher education Administration from Southern illinois University Carbondale. AcknowleDgements Yoojeong Jang and erin Konkle. t A b l e o f c o n t e n t s key finDings 1 introDuction 5 bAckgrounD: three t ypes of fActors influence higher eDucAtion funDing 6 finDings from the quAntitAtive AnAlysis 8 cAse stuDies 9 A. Minnesota B. Pennsylvania C. Louisiana D. Colorado finDings from the cAse stuDies 20 conclusion 22 methoDologicAl AppenDix 23 enDnotes 35 bAckgrounD Access to a post-secondary education is a vital aspect of the American dream, allowing for equality of opportunity and a stable pathway to the middle class for …

[1]  R Yin,et al.  Case study research designs and methods , 2014 .

[2]  C. Barrilleaux,et al.  Do Governors Matter? Budgeting Rules and the Politics of State Policymaking , 2003 .

[3]  David J. Weerts,et al.  Understanding Differences in State Support for Higher Education across States, Sectors, and Institutions: A Longitudinal Study , 2012 .

[4]  Peter R. Orszag,et al.  State Fiscal Constraints and Higher Education Spending: The Role of Medicaid and the Business Cycle. Discussion Paper. , 2003 .

[5]  Joel S. Steele,et al.  Longitudinal Data Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences Using R , 2013 .

[6]  Anthony S. Bryk,et al.  Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods , 1992 .

[7]  Jon P. Lund,et al.  State Funding for Higher Education: The Sisyphean Task. , 1994 .

[8]  A. Pellegrini,et al.  A sexual selection theory longitudinal analysis of sexual segregation and integration in early adolescence. , 2003, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[9]  Derek M. Johnson.  Tax Revenues in the American States, The Tax Revolt, and Colorado’s TABOR Amendment , 2004 .

[10]  Harold A. Hovey,et al.  State Spending for Higher Education in the Next Decade: The Battle To Sustain Current Support. , 1999 .

[11]  J. Ware,et al.  Applied Longitudinal Analysis , 2004 .

[12]  The Conditioning Role of State Higher Education Governance Structures , 2013 .

[13]  D. Bates,et al.  Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS , 2001 .

[14]  Gary King,et al.  Amelia II: A Program for Missing Data , 2011 .

[15]  James C. Hearn,et al.  Partisans, Professionals, and Power: The Role of Political Factors in State Higher Education Funding , 2009 .

[16]  Daniel T. Layzell,et al.  Budgeting for Higher Education at the State Level: Enigma, Paradox, and Ritual. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report 4, 1990. , 1990 .

[17]  David J. Weerts,et al.  Examining Differences in State Support for Higher Education: A Comparative Study of State Appropriations for Research I Universities , 2006 .

[18]  J. Knight.  Beating the odds. , 2003, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[19]  David J. Weerts,et al.  Determinants of State Appropriations for Higher Education from 1985-2005: An Organizational Theory Analysis , 2008 .

[20]  Christopher Cornwell,et al.  State Merit Scholarship Programs and Racial Inequality. , 2004 .

[21]  R. Toutkoushian,et al.  Using Panel Data to Examine Legislative Demand for Higher Education , 1998 .

[22]  Michael Frankfurter,et al.  Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis Modeling Change And Event Occurrence , 2016 .

[23]  A Decade Behind: Breaking Out of the Low-Skill Trap in the Southern Economy , 2013 .

[24]  A. Pellegrini,et al.  Studying Change in Dominance and Bullying with Linear Mixed Models , 2003 .

[25]  J. Schafer,et al.  A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures. , 2001, Psychological methods.

[26]  Donald E. Heller,et al.  The States and Public Higher Education Policy: Affordability, Access, and Accountability , 2011 .

[27]  S. A. Hoenack,et al.  An econometric model of a public university's income and enrollments , 1990 .