Industrial applications of photon density wave spectroscopy for in-line particle sizing [Invited].

Optical spectroscopy in highly turbid liquid material is often restricted by simultaneous occurrence of absorption and scattering of light. Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy is one of the very few, yet widely unknown, technologies for the independent quantification of these two optical processes. Here, a concise overview about modern PDW spectroscopy is given, including all necessary equations concerning the optical description of the investigated material, dependent light scattering, particle sizing, and PDW spectroscopy itself. Additionally, it is shown how the ambiguity in particle sizing, arising from Mie theory, can be correctly solved. Due to its high temporal resolution, its applicability to highest particle concentrations, and its purely fiber-optical probe, PDW spectroscopy possesses all fundamental characteristics for optical in-line process analysis. Several application examples from the chemical industry are presented.

[1]  Milton Kerker,et al.  The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation ~Academic , 1969 .

[2]  Allan H. Harvey,et al.  Revised Formulation for the Refractive Index of Water and Steam as a Function of Wavelength, Temperature and Density , 1998 .

[3]  D J Durian,et al.  The diffusion coefficient depends on absorption. , 1998, Optics letters.

[4]  E. M. Sevick-Muraca,et al.  Characterization of concentrated colloidal suspensions using time-dependent photon migration measurements , 2000 .

[5]  J M Beechem,et al.  Global analysis of biochemical and biophysical data. , 1992, Methods in enzymology.

[6]  R. J. Hunter.  Foundations of Colloid Science , 1987 .

[7]  C. Chern,et al.  Emulsion polymerization mechanisms and kinetics , 2006 .

[8]  H. E. Woodman,et al.  The Value of Tapioca Flour and Sago Pith Meal in the Nutrition of Swine , 1931, The Journal of Agricultural Science.

[9]  Oliver Reich,et al.  Particle sizing in highly turbid dispersions by Photon Density Wave spectroscopy , 2013 .

[10]  C. T. Wit.  Photosynthesis of leaf canopies , 1965 .

[11]  Ivan D. Nikolov,et al.  Measuring the refractometric characteristics of optical plastics , 2003 .

[12]  A. Vrij,et al.  Application of modern concepts in liquid state theory to concentrated particle dispersions , 1978 .

[13]  H. Murata,et al.  Analysis of aggregation and dispersion states of small particles in concentrated suspension by using diffused photon density wave spectroscopy. , 2010, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[14]  Ivan D. Nikolov,et al.  Dispersion Properties of Optical Polymers , 2009 .

[15]  Jordi Esquena,et al.  Phase behavior and nano-emulsion formation by the phase inversion temperature method. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[16]  M. Flach.  Yield potential of the sago palm and its realization , 1977 .

[17]  G. Mie.  Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen , 1908 .

[18]  Watson,et al.  Scatterer correlation effects on photon transport in dense random media. , 1990, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[19]  Oliver Reich,et al.  Optical monitoring of milk fat phase transition within homogenized fresh milk by Photon Density Wave spectroscopy , 2012 .

[20]  E. Sevick-Muraca,et al.  Precise analysis of frequency domain photon migration measurement for characterization of concentrated colloidal suspensions , 2002 .

[21]  Émile Miège.  Le Palmier-Dattier au Maroc , 1952 .

[22]  Brac de la Perrière,et al.  Le palmier-dattier , 1995 .

[23]  Albert Feldman,et al.  Optical and physical parameters of Plexiglas 55 and Lexan. , 1979, Applied optics.

[24]  R. Hass,et al.  Photon density wave spectroscopy for dilution-free sizing of highly concentrated nanoparticles during starved-feed polymerization. , 2011, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[25]  Ludwig Bergmann,et al.  Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik , 1898 .

[26]  K. Shinoda,et al.  The Stability of O/W type emulsions as functions of temperature and the HLB of emulsifiers: The emulsification by PIT-method , 1969 .

[27]  F. Schael,et al.  Optical sensing with photon density waves: Investigation of model mediaPresented at the annual meeting of the Deutsche Bunsen-Gesellschaft fr Physikalische Chemie, Kiel, Germany, May 29?31, 2003. , 2003 .

[28]  Gratton,et al.  Gigahertz photon density waves in a turbid medium: Theory and experiments. , 1996, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[29]  J. E. Mark,et al.  Physical properties of polymers handbook , 2007 .

[30]  Rainer Künnemeyer,et al.  Temperature-dependent optical properties of Intralipid measured with frequency-domain photon-migration spectroscopy. , 2010, Journal of biomedical optics.