The Amsterdam Resting-State Questionnaire reveals multiple phenotypes of resting-state cognition

Resting-state neuroimaging is a dominant paradigm for studying brain function in health and disease. It is attractive for clinical research because of its simplicity for patients, straightforward standardization, and sensitivity to brain disorders. Importantly, non-sensory experiences like mind wandering may arise from ongoing brain activity. However, little is known about the link between ongoing brain activity and cognition, as phenotypes of resting-state cognition—and tools to quantify them—have been lacking. To facilitate rapid and structured measurements of resting-state cognition we developed a 50-item self-report survey, the Amsterdam Resting-State Questionnaire (ARSQ). Based on ARSQ data from 813 participants assessed after 5 min eyes-closed rest in their home, we identified seven dimensions of resting-state cognition using factor analysis: Discontinuity of Mind, Theory of Mind, Self, Planning, Sleepiness, Comfort, and Somatic Awareness. Further, we showed that the structure of cognition was similar during resting-state fMRI and EEG, and that the test-retest correlations were remarkably high for all dimensions. To explore whether inter-individual variation of resting-state cognition is related to health status, we correlated ARSQ-derived factor scores with psychometric scales measuring depression, anxiety, and sleep quality. Mental health correlated positively with Comfort and negatively with Discontinuity of Mind. Finally, we show that sleepiness may partially explain a resting-state EEG profile previously associated with Alzheimer's disease. These findings indicate that the ARSQ readily provides information about cognitive phenotypes and that it is a promising tool for research on the neural correlates of resting-state cognition in health and disease.

[1]  Jack Kaminsky,et al.  Dimensions of Mind. , 1961 .

[2]  J. Antrobus.  INFORMATION THEORY AND STIMULUS‐INDEPENDENT THOUGHT , 1968 .

[3]  A. Rush,et al.  The inventory for depressive symptomatology (IDS): Preliminary findings , 1986, Psychiatry Research.

[4]  Jacob Cohen,et al.  A power primer. , 1992, Psychological bulletin.

[5]  R. R. Abidin.  Psychological Assessment Resources , 1995 .

[6]  A. Baddeley,et al.  Stimulus-independent thought depends on central executive resources , 1995, Memory & cognition.

[7]  J. M. Digman.  Higher-order factors of the Big Five. , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[8]  J. Ormel,et al.  A validation study of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in different groups of Dutch subjects , 1997, Psychological Medicine.

[9]  Susan R. Hutchinson,et al.  Behavior of descriptive fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis using ordered categorical data , 1998 .

[10]  C. Smyth,et al.  The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). , 2000, Director.

[11]  C. Morin,et al.  Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. , 2001, Sleep medicine.

[12]  G L Shulman,et al.  INAUGURAL ARTICLE by a Recently Elected Academy Member:A default mode of brain function , 2001 .

[13]  K. Linkenkaer-Hansen,et al.  Long-Range Temporal Correlations and Scaling Behavior in Human Brain Oscillations , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[14]  Nilly Mor,et al.  Self-focused attention and negative affect: a meta-analysis. , 2002, Psychological bulletin.

[15]  F. Kruggel,et al.  Theta-power Differences in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment Under Rest Condition and During Haptic Tasks , 2002, Alzheimer disease and associated disorders.

[16]  R. Ryan,et al.  The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. , 2003, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[17]  S. Daan,et al.  Subjective sleepiness correlates negatively with global alpha (8–12 Hz) and positively with central frontal theta (4–8 Hz) frequencies in the human resting awake electroencephalogram , 2003, Neuroscience Letters.

[18]  Arnaud Delorme,et al.  EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis , 2004, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[19]  R. Sanderman,et al.  A comparison of two multidimensional measures of health status: The Nottingham Health Profile and the RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 , 1996, Quality of Life Research.

[20]  B. Muthén,et al.  Investigating population heterogeneity with factor mixture models. , 2005, Psychological methods.

[21]  M. Kringelbach.  The human orbitofrontal cortex: linking reward to hedonic experience , 2005, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[22]  Klaus Linkenkaer-Hansen,et al.  Breakdown of Long-Range Temporal Correlations in Theta Oscillations in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[23]  S. Rombouts,et al.  Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[24]  James B. Schreiber,et al.  Reporting Structural Equation Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results: A Review , 2006 .

[25]  Cornelis J. Stam,et al.  Magnetoencephalographic evaluation of resting-state functional connectivity in Alzheimer's disease , 2006, NeuroImage.

[26]  J. Smallwood,et al.  The restless mind. , 2006, Psychological bulletin.

[27]  O. John,et al.  Anticipatory and consummatory components of the experience of pleasure: A scale development study , 2006 .

[28]  S. Okazaki,et al.  CES-D scale , 2006 .

[29]  Alexa M. Morcom,et al.  Does the brain have a baseline? Why we should be resisting a rest , 2007, NeuroImage.

[30]  M. Fox,et al.  Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging , 2007, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[31]  H. Berendse,et al.  Slowing of oscillatory brain activity is a stable characteristic of Parkinson's disease without dementia. , 2007, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[32]  D. Wegner,et al.  Dimensions of Mind Perception , 2007, Science.

[33]  R. Buckner,et al.  Self-projection and the brain , 2007, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[34]  Scott T. Grafton,et al.  Wandering Minds: The Default Network and Stimulus-Independent Thought , 2007, Science.

[35]  Arjen van Ooyen,et al.  Genetic Contributions to Long-Range Temporal Correlations in Ongoing Oscillations , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[36]  G. Glover,et al.  Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Major Depression: Abnormally Increased Contributions from Subgenual Cingulate Cortex and Thalamus , 2007, Biological Psychiatry.

[37]  D. Schacter,et al.  The Brain's Default Network , 2008, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[38]  M. Greicius.  Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders , 2008, Current opinion in neurology.

[39]  Richard L. Lewis,et al.  The mind and brain of short-term memory. , 2008, Annual review of psychology.

[40]  W. Chaplin,et al.  The misdiagnosis of hypertension: the role of patient anxiety. , 2008, Archives of internal medicine.

[41]  E. V. van Someren,et al.  Diminished capability to recognize the optimal temperature for sleep initiation may contribute to poor sleep in elderly people. , 2008, Sleep.

[42]  K. Christoff,et al.  Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[43]  Arjen van Ooyen,et al.  Altered temporal correlations in parietal alpha and prefrontal theta oscillations in early-stage Alzheimer disease , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[44]  Stephen M Smith,et al.  Correspondence of the brain's functional architecture during activation and rest , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[45]  C. Morin,et al.  Incidence and risk factors of insomnia in a population-based sample. , 2009, Sleep.

[46]  Richard Menary.  Dimensions of mind , 2010 .

[47]  Marc Joliot,et al.  The resting state questionnaire: An introspective questionnaire for evaluation of inner experience during the conscious resting state , 2010, Brain Research Bulletin.

[48]  D. Gilbert,et al.  A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind , 2010, Science.

[49]  Susanne Schweizer,et al.  Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. , 2010, Clinical psychology review.

[50]  H. Vrenken,et al.  Reduced Orbitofrontal and Parietal Gray Matter in Chronic Insomnia: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Study , 2010, Biological Psychiatry.

[51]  Chien-Ming Yang,et al.  What subjective experiences determine the perception of falling asleep during sleep onset period? , 2010, Consciousness and Cognition.

[52]  R. B. Reilly,et al.  FASTER: Fully Automated Statistical Thresholding for EEG artifact Rejection , 2010, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[53]  A. Mognon,et al.  ADJUST: An automatic EEG artifact detector based on the joint use of spatial and temporal features. , 2011, Psychophysiology.

[54]  C. Shapiro,et al.  Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) , 2011 .

[55]  S. Baron-Cohen,et al.  The Construction and Validation of an Abridged Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-Short) , 2010, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[56]  Biyu J. He.  Scale-Free Properties of the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal during Rest and Task , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[57]  C. Morin,et al.  The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. , 2011, Sleep.

[58]  P. de Jonge,et al.  Confirmatory factor analysis of the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the association with cardiac morbidity and mortality after coronary revascularization , 2011, Journal of health psychology.

[59]  Catriona Bonfiglioli,et al.  A Wandering Mind , 2011 .

[60]  Erik D. Reichle,et al.  Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind , 2011, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[61]  Bernard Mazoyer,et al.  Patterns of hemodynamic low-frequency oscillations in the brain are modulated by the nature of free thought during rest , 2012, NeuroImage.

[62]  Vadim V. Nikulin,et al.  Detrended Fluctuation Analysis: A Scale-Free View on Neuronal Oscillations , 2012, Front. Physio..

[63]  B. Penninx,et al.  Orbitofrontal Gray Matter Relates to Early Morning Awakening: A Neural Correlate of Insomnia Complaints? , 2012, Front. Neur..

[64]  David M. Cole,et al.  Manipulating brain connectivity with δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: A pharmacological resting state FMRI study , 2012, NeuroImage.

[65]  Lawrence W. Barsalou,et al.  Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: A fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states , 2012, NeuroImage.

[66]  Haakon G. Engen,et al.  Escaping the here and now: Evidence for a role of the default mode network in perceptually decoupled thought , 2013, NeuroImage.

[67]  K. Linkenkaer-Hansen,et al.  Long-Range Temporal Correlations in Resting-State Alpha Oscillations Predict Human Timing-Error Dynamics , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[68]  K. Linkenkaer-Hansen,et al.  Neuronal long-range temporal correlations and avalanche dynamics are correlated with behavioral scaling laws , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.