Spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks

Years of growth in wireless communication services and conservative spectrum allocation policies by government regulators have led to spectrum scarcity. On the other hand, spectrum measurement campaigns have indicated that the actual occupancy of most licensed frequency bands is quite low. In recent years, Cognitive radio has emerged as a promising solution to increase spectrum occupancy and tackle spectrum scarcity. Cognitive radio enables the unlicensed (secondary) user to establish a communication link in licensed spectrum on the condition that there is no or minimal interference to the licensee (primary user). In this thesis, the two main facets of spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks are investigated; interweave access and underlay access. The former is an orthogonal scheme, where the secondary user only transmits in white space (idle primary user spectrum). The latter is a shared scheme in which concurrent primary and secondary transmission is allowed, subject to any co-channel interference at the primary being below an acceptable limit.

[1]  Tobias Renk,et al.  Smart femto-cell controller based distributed cognitive pilot channel , 2009, 2009 4th International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications.

[2]  V. Alagar.  The distribution of the distance between random points , 1976, Journal of Applied Probability.

[3]  Pietro Cerone.  On Applications Of The Integral Of Products OfFunctions And Its Bounds , 2003 .

[4]  Andreas Mitschele-Thiel,et al.  Increasing spectrum capacity for ad hoc networks using cognitive radios: an analytical model , 2009, IEEE Communications Letters.

[5]  P.K. Tang,et al.  Performance of Secondary Radios in Spectrum Sharing with Prioritized Primary Access , 2006, MILCOM 2006 - 2006 IEEE Military Communications conference.

[6]  Magnus Sandell,et al.  On the Effect of Correlation on the Performance of Dual Diversity Receivers in Lognormal Fading , 2010, IEEE Communications Letters.

[7]  Andreas Mitschele-Thiel,et al.  Spectrum handoff reduction for cognitive radio ad hoc networks , 2010, 2010 7th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems.

[8]  Yong-Hwan Lee,et al.  Cognitive radio based femtocell resource allocation , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC).

[9]  Waqas Ahmed,et al.  Throughput comparison in cognitive radio networks , 2010, ECTI-CON2010: The 2010 ECTI International Confernce on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology.

[10]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  Uplink capacity and interference avoidance for two-tier femtocell networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[11]  Waqas Ahmed,et al.  Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Network , 2012 .

[12]  Stephen S. Rappaport,et al.  Traffic Model and Performance Analysis for Cellular Mobile Radio Telephone Systems with Prioritized and Nonprioritized Handoff Procedures - Version 2a , 2000 .

[13]  Hsiao-Hwa Chen,et al.  On capacity of cognitive radio networks with average interference power constraints , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[14]  Kwang-Cheng Chen,et al.  Downlink capacity of two-tier cognitive femto networks , 2010, 21st Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[15]  Yong Huat Chew,et al.  On the Modeling and Performance of Three Opportunistic Spectrum Access Schemes , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[16]  Rajarathnam Chandramouli,et al.  Dynamic spectrum access in open spectrum wireless networks , 2006, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[17]  J. Medhi,et al.  Stochastic models in queueing theory , 1991 .

[18]  Li-Chun Wang,et al.  Effects of Location Awareness on Concurrent Transmissions for Cognitive Ad Hoc Networks Overlaying Infrastructure-Based Systems , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[19]  Zhigang Cao,et al.  A Fair Opportunistic Spectrum Access (FOSA) Scheme in Distributed Cognitive Radio Networks , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[20]  Yan Zhang,et al.  Dynamic Spectrum Access in Cognitive Radio Wireless Networks , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[21]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: A survey , 2006, Comput. Networks.

[22]  P. Cerone.  Special functions: approximations and bounds , 2007 .

[23]  Yutae Lee,et al.  Mathematical Analysis of Secondary User Traffic in Cognitive Radio System , 2008, 2008 IEEE 68th Vehicular Technology Conference.

[24]  Amir Ghasemi,et al.  Interference Aggregation in Spectrum-Sensing Cognitive Wireless Networks , 2008, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[25]  D. Applebaum.  Stable non-Gaussian random processes , 1995, The Mathematical Gazette.

[26]  A. Azzalini.  A class of distributions which includes the normal ones , 1985 .

[27]  Hai Jiang,et al.  Representation of Composite Fading and Shadowing Distributions by Using Mixtures of Gamma Distributions , 2010, 2010 IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference.

[28]  G. O. Wesolowsky,et al.  On the computation of the bivariate normal integral , 1990 .

[29]  Jorge Martínez-Bauset,et al.  Comments on "analysis of cognitive radio spectrum access with optimal channel reservation" , 2009, IEEE Communications Letters.

[30]  Simon Haykin,et al.  Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications , 2005, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[31]  Baochun Li,et al.  Cooperative Resource Management in Cognitive WiMAX with Femto Cells , 2010, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[32]  Mansoor Shafi,et al.  Performance of Cognitive Radio Systems with Imperfect Radio Environment Map Information , 2009, 2009 Australian Communications Theory Workshop.

[33]  Li-Chun Wang,et al.  On the performance of spectrum handoff for link maintenance in cognitive radio , 2008, 2008 3rd International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing.

[34]  Gordon L. Stuber,et al.  Principles of Mobile Communication , 1996 .

[35]  Ainslie,et al.  CORRELATION MODEL FOR SHADOW FADING IN MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS , 2004 .

[36]  Hari M. Srivastava,et al.  Some improvements and generalizations of Steffensen's integral inequality , 2007, Appl. Math. Comput..

[37]  M. Raspopovic,et al.  Finite Population Model for Performance Evaluation Between Narrowband and Wideband Users in the Shared Radio Spectrum , 2007, 2007 2nd IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks.

[38]  Michael Faulkner,et al.  Modified criterion of hypothesis testing for signal sensing in cognitive radio , 2009, 2009 4th International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications.

[39]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  Femtocell networks: a survey , 2008, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[40]  Yi Song,et al.  Proactive Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks Based on Common Hopping Coordination , 2010, 2010 INFOCOM IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops.

[41]  Waqas Ahmed,et al.  Throughput and proportional fairness in cognitive radio networks , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications.

[42]  Jingxian Wu,et al.  Approximating a Sum of Random Variables with a Lognormal , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[43]  Giuseppe Caire,et al.  Cognitive femtocells: Breaking the spatial reuse barrier of cellular systems , 2011, 2011 Information Theory and Applications Workshop.

[44]  Kevin W. Sowerby,et al.  Outage Probability Estimation for Licensed Systems in the Presence of Cognitive Radio Interference , 2009, VTC Spring 2009 - IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference.

[45]  Gustavo de Veciana,et al.  Understanding the design space for cognitive networks , 2010, 8th International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks.

[46]  Hakan Deliç,et al.  Analysis of Target Detection Probability in Randomly Deployed Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE Communications Letters.

[47]  ON SOME GENERALIZATIONS OF STEFFENSEN'S INEQUALITY AND RELATED RESULTS , 2001 .

[48]  Mai Vu,et al.  On the primary exclusive region of cognitive networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[49]  Amir Ghasemi,et al.  Fundamental limits of spectrum-sharing in fading environments , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[50]  I. Ibragimov,et al.  On the Composition of Unimodal Distributions , 1956 .

[51]  V. Chakravarthy,et al.  Data-Centric Prioritization in a Cognitive Radio Network: A Quality-of-Service Based Design and Integration , 2008, 2008 3rd IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks.

[52]  Rodney G. Vaughan,et al.  A statistical basis for lognormal shadowing effects in multipath fading channels , 1998, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[53]  Khairi Ashour Hamdi,et al.  On the statistics of signal-to-interference plus noise ratio in wireless communications , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[54]  Mehdi Bennis,et al.  Interference avoidance via resource scheduling in TDD underlay femtocells , 2010, 2010 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications Workshops.

[55]  Yu Fang,et al.  Performance Evaluation of Wireless Cellular Networks with Mixed Channel Holding Times , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[56]  A. Wolisz,et al.  Reliable link maintenance in cognitive radio systems , 2005, First IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 2005. DySPAN 2005..

[57]  Jintong Lin,et al.  Ergodic capacity of dual-hop transmissions over composite multipath/shadowing channels , 2009 .

[58]  Jeffrey H. Reed,et al.  Performance Evaluation of Radio Environment Map-Enabled Cognitive Spectrum-Sharing Networks , 2007, MILCOM 2007 - IEEE Military Communications Conference.

[59]  Waqas Ahmed,et al.  An access technique for secondary network in downlink channels , 2011, 2011 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[60]  P. R. Nelson.  The algebra of random variables , 1979 .

[61]  H. M. Antia.  Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers , 2002 .

[62]  Halim Yanikomeroglu,et al.  On the approximation of the generalized-Κ distribution by a gamma distribution for modeling composite fading channels , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[63]  Andrea J. Goldsmith,et al.  Breaking Spectrum Gridlock With Cognitive Radios: An Information Theoretic Perspective , 2009, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[64]  Joseph Mitola,et al.  Cognitive Radio An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software Defined Radio , 2000 .

[65]  Moe Rahnema,et al.  UMTS network planning, optimization, and inter-operation with GSM , 2007 .

[66]  Suzan Bayhan,et al.  Cognitive femtocell networks: an overlay architecture for localized dynamic spectrum access [Dynamic Spectrum Management] , 2010, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[67]  Jens Zander,et al.  Aggregate Interference in Secondary Access with Interference Protection , 2011, IEEE Communications Letters.

[68]  Extensions of Steffensen's Inequality☆ , 2000 .

[69]  Kevin W. Sowerby,et al.  Adjacent Channel Operation of Portable Unlicensed Devices inside DTV Service Contours , 2010, 2010 IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference.

[70]  Shiwen Mao,et al.  Overhead Analysis for Radio Environment Mapenabled Cognitive Radio Networks , 2006, 2006 1st IEEE Workshop on Networking Technologies for Software Defined Radio Networks.

[71]  Jörg Eberspächer,et al.  GSM : Architecture, Protocols and Services architecture, protocols and services , 2009 .

[72]  Hong Zhou,et al.  Goodput and channel allocation in opportunistic spectrum access networks , 2009, 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[73]  Yan Zhang.  Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks: Opportunistic and Negotiated Situations , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[74]  Brian L. Mark,et al.  Modeling and analysis of opportunistic spectrum sharing with unreliable spectrum sensing , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[75]  Ling Luo,et al.  Analysis of Dynamic Spectrum Access with Heterogeneous Networks: Benefits of Channel Packing Scheme , 2009, GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.

[76]  Friedrich Jondral,et al.  Comparison of bandwidth utilization for controlled and uncontrolled channel assignment in a spectrum pooling system , 2002, Vehicular Technology Conference. IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Spring 2002 (Cat. No.02CH37367).

[77]  Danijela Cabric,et al.  To Buffer or to Switch: Design of Multichannel MAC for OSA Ad Hoc Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum (DySPAN).

[78]  Khairi Ashour Hamdi,et al.  Capacity of MRC on Correlated Rician Fading Channels , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[79]  Wei Song,et al.  Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio Spectrum Access with Prioritized Traffic , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[80]  G. Apostolakis,et al.  Some Properties of Distributions Useful in the Study of Rare Events , 1982, IEEE Transactions on Reliability.

[81]  Muhammad Aljuaid,et al.  Identifying boundaries of dominant regions dictating spectrum sharing opportunities for large secondary networks , 2010, 21st Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[82]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  The Guard Zone in Wireless Ad hoc Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[83]  Mansoor Shafi,et al.  Capacity Limits and Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio With Imperfect Channel Knowledge , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[84]  Syed Ali Jafar,et al.  COGNITIVE RADIOS FOR DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS - The Throughput Potential of Cognitive Radio: A Theoretical Perspective , 2007, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[85]  Xiaorong Zhu,et al.  Analysis of Cognitive Radio Spectrum Access with Optimal Channel Reservation , 2007, IEEE Communications Letters.

[86]  Inbar Fijalkow,et al.  Impact of shadowing on the primary exclusive region in cognitive networks , 2010, 2010 European Wireless Conference (EW).

[87]  Jorge Martínez-Bauset,et al.  Admission Control and Interference Management in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks , 2010, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[88]  M. Raspopovic,et al.  Performance models for wireless spectrum shared by wideband and narrowband sources , 2005, MILCOM 2005 - 2005 IEEE Military Communications Conference.

[89]  Xinbing Wang,et al.  Adoption of Cognitive Radio Scheme to Class-Based Call Admission Control , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[90]  Halim Yanikomeroglu,et al.  Impact of the Secondary Network on the Outage Performance of the Primary Service in Spectrum Sharing , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[91]  Vladimir Mordachev,et al.  On node density - outage probability tradeoff in wireless networks , 2009, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[92]  Hyundong Shin,et al.  Cognitive Network Interference , 2011, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[93]  Po-Chiang Lin,et al.  Performance analysis of a cross-layer handoff ordering scheme in wireless networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[94]  Harald Haas,et al.  Dynamic Resource Partitioning for Downlink Femto-to-Macro-Cell Interference Avoidance , 2010, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[95]  Mounir Ghogho,et al.  Tight Bounds for Ergodic Capacity of Dual-Hop Fixed-Gain Relay Networks under Rayleigh Fading , 2011, IEEE Communications Letters.

[96]  Show-Shiow Tzeng.  Call admission control policies in cellular wireless networks with spectrum renting , 2009, Comput. Commun..

[97]  Waqas Ahmed,et al.  Performance Evaluation of a Cognitive Radio Network with Exponential and Truncated Usage Models , 2009, 2009 4th International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing.

[98]  G. Ferrari,et al.  Primary exclusive region and optimality of the link-level throughput of cognitive terminals , 2010, 2010 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications Workshops.

[99]  Ali Abdi,et al.  On the utility of gamma PDF in modeling shadow fading (slow fading) , 1999, 1999 IEEE 49th Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.99CH36363).

[100]  Zhi Ding,et al.  Opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks , 2008, IJCNN.

[101]  Jeffrey G. Andrews,et al.  Fundamentals of Lte , 2010 .

[102]  J. F. Steffensen.  On certain inequalities between mean values, and their application to actuarial problems , 1918 .

[103]  Cheng-Xiang Wang,et al.  Uplink cell capacity of cognitive radio networks with peak interference power constraints , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems.

[104]  H. Yanikomeroglu,et al.  Investigating the Gaussian Convergence of the Distribution of the Aggregate Interference Power in Large Wireless Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[105]  Jie Zhang,et al.  OFDMA femtocells: A roadmap on interference avoidance , 2009, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[106]  Elvino S. Sousa,et al.  Cognitive uplink interference management in 4G cellular femtocells , 2010, 21st Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[107]  Friedrich Jondral,et al.  Spectrum pooling: an innovative strategy for the enhancement of spectrum efficiency , 2004, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[108]  Eylem Ekici,et al.  Voluntary Spectrum Handoff: A Novel Approach to Spectrum Management in CRNs , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[109]  Dharma P. Agrawal,et al.  Priority-based spectrum allocation for cognitive radio networks employing NC-OFDM transmission , 2009, MILCOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Military Communications Conference.

[110]  Waqas Ahmed,et al.  Channel Allocation for Fairness in Opportunistic Spectrum Access Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference.

[111]  Mohammad Saquib,et al.  Performance Analysis of a Cognitive Network with Dynamic Spectrum Assignment to Secondary Users , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[112]  Kang G. Shin,et al.  What and how much to gain by spectrum agility? , 2007, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[113]  Beibei Wang,et al.  Primary-Prioritized Markov Approach for Dynamic Spectrum Access , 2007, 2007 2nd IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks.

[114]  R. Michael Buehrer,et al.  Impact of exclusion region and spreading in spectrum-sharing ad hoc networks , 2006, TAPAS '06.

[115]  M. Abramowitz,et al.  Handbook of Mathematical Functions With Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables (National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series No. 55) , 1965 .

[116]  Jeffrey H. Reed,et al.  Outage probability based comparison of underlay and overlay spectrum sharing techniques , 2005, First IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 2005. DySPAN 2005..

[117]  Matthias Reitzner,et al.  Electromagnetic wave propagation and inequalities for moments of chord lengths , 2004, Advances in Applied Probability.