Business models for the integrated use of photovoltaics in buildings

Climate change and the scarcity of natural resources have caused human being to explore and develop sustainable measures in many facets of life. With advent in the use of renewable energy, push and pull factors emerge to provide viable solutions to previous bottleneck situations, such as market penetration and financability. In the case of photovoltaic applications, apart from solar farms on ground, increasingly buildings are targeted as the venues for the distributed type of solar installations. Government policies and utility companies are also paving the way for increased opportunities of grid connection so that solar energy is becoming part of the energy supply network. For buildings, photovoltaic applications include roof-top, facade and sun-shaders. The latter two are often referred to as Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV), whereby solar equipment is incorporated into buildings during the erection process. Initially, the market for these applications was based on customer ownership, but business models have emerged and diversified. Nowadays, third party ownership is increasingly common, with power purchase agreements and leases forming the main contractual framework on the demand side. On the supply side, much horizontal and vertical integration have taken place, producing value chains which have increased efficiency and cost effectiveness. In this paper, the framework as proposed by Osterwalder and Pigneur (2010) will be used to analyse the value proposition, cost structure, revenue stream, etc. of recent business models. Examples of successful integration in the international arena will be given, whereas local constraints will be discussed.