Analysis of dynamic flows through porous media. Part I: Comparison between saturated and unsaturated flows in fibrous reinforcements

This article presents a general approach to model flows through unsaturated porous media as they occur in Liquid Composite Molding (LCM). Saturated and unsaturated flows will be studied here both from the experimental and theoretical points of view. It is indeed important to distinguish between these two flow behaviors in order to understand the interactions between the three phases that coexist in a fibrous reinforcement: the solid and fluid phases on one hand, and the air content on the other. The experimental work presented here includes the study of permanent and transient flow regimes, both for saturated and unsaturated porous media. The dynamic effects that occur during fluid injection through fibrous reinforcements highlight the double scale, structure of their pore volume. The ratio between saturated and unsaturated permeabilities appears to be connected to the degree of saturation and to the porosity of the part. Given the importance of permeability as a key input parameter in process simulation, this article proposes to introduce the degree of saturation in the equations that govern the flow in order to increase the accuracy of numerical predictions. This will not only provide a better understanding of the underlying physical phenomena during the fluid impregnation of a fibrous preform, but will also ultimately allow the study of air entrapment mechanisms that govern the quality of composite parts.