Hybridised energy storage systems for automotive powertrain applications

.................................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ iv Project Outputs ....................................................................................................................................... v Academic Journal Publications ........................................................................................................... v Conference Presentations ................................................................................................................... v Poster Presentations ........................................................................................................................... v Awards ................................................................................................................................................ v Tutorials .............................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... x List of Tables .........................................................................................................................................xiv Nomenclature & Acronyms...................................................................................................................xvi 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The need for alternate energy storage systems in automotive powertrains ............................... 1 1.2 Thesis Aims .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Research Questions and Working Hypothesis ....................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Scope of Work ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Thesis Structure ............................................................................................................................ 4 2.0 Experimental Methodology & Modelling Requirements .................................................................. 6 2.1 Experimental Methodology .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Cell Setup ............................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Experimental Techniques ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Modelling Targets and Requirements ......................................................................................... 12 3.0 Supercapacitors............................................................................................................................... 13 3.

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