Contrast agents for MR imaging of the liver.

Imaging of the liver is performed most often to detect and characterize focal liver lesions. MR imaging has been the method of choice to assess focal liver lesions accurately. Nonspecific intravenous contrast agents have been used for routine abdominal MR imaging protocols including liver imaging. Over the last 10 to 15 years new contrast agents have been developed that combine the excellent contrast resolution of MR imaging with improved tissue specificity. This article reviews various contrast agents that are in clinical use for liver MR imaging and discusses their potential clinical role.

[1]  D. Khayat,et al.  Liver metastases: safety and efficacy of detection with superparamagnetic iron oxide in MR imaging. , 1994, Radiology.

[2]  M. Harisinghani,et al.  Contrast‐enhanced MR imaging of the liver: Comparison between Gd‐BOPTA and mangafodipir , 1997, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[3]  R. Semelka,et al.  Focal liver lesions: Comparison of dual‐phase CT and multisequence multiplanar MR imaging including dynamic gadolinium enhancement , 2001, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[4]  G. Morana,et al.  Hypervascular hepatic lesions: dynamic and late enhancement pattern with Gd-BOPTA. , 2002, Academic radiology.

[5]  M. Taupitz,et al.  Liver metastases: improved detection with dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging? , 1997, Radiology.

[6]  V. Lorusso,et al.  Hepatic transport of gadobenate dimeglumine in TR-rats. , 1996, Academic radiology.

[7]  C. Bartolozzi,et al.  MnDPDP-enhanced MRI vs dual-phase spiral CT in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis , 2000, European Radiology.

[8]  R. Semelka,et al.  Contrast agents for MR imaging of the liver. , 2001, Radiology.

[9]  R. Semelka,et al.  Liver lesion detection, characterization, and effect on patient management: Comparison of single‐phase spiral CT and current MR techniques , 1997, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[10]  M Lüning,et al.  Focal liver lesions: characterization with nonenhanced and dynamic contrast material-enhanced MR imaging. , 1994, Radiology.

[11]  E. Rummeny,et al.  Low-Dose Gadobenate Dimeglumine Versus Standard Dose Gadopentetate Dimeglumine for Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Liver: An Intra-Individual Crossover Comparison , 2003, Investigative radiology.

[12]  K. Ohtomo,et al.  Comparison of Gadobenate Dimeglumine with Gadopentetate Dimeglumine for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Liver Tumors , 2001, Investigative radiology.

[13]  S. Ekholm,et al.  Diagnostic efficacy of MnDPDP in MR imaging of the liver , 1997, Acta radiologica.

[14]  F. Cavagna,et al.  Trends and developments in MRI contrast agent research , 1997, European Radiology.

[15]  H. Weinmann,et al.  A new lipophilic gadolinium chelate as a tissue‐specific contrast medium for MRI , 1991, Magnetic resonance in medicine.

[16]  M. Kirchin,et al.  Gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA). An overview. , 1998, Investigative radiology.

[17]  V. Lorusso,et al.  Safety, tolerance, biodistribution, and MR imaging enhancement of the liver with gadobenate dimeglumine: results of clinical pharmacologic and pilot imaging studies in nonpatient and patient volunteers. , 1999, Academic radiology.

[18]  B. Jenkins,et al.  Gadolinium chelates with weak binding to serum proteins. A new class of high-efficiency, general purpose contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. , 1997, Investigative radiology.

[19]  K. Wolf,et al.  Peripheral washout: a sign of malignancy on dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR images of focal liver lesions. , 1994, Radiology.

[20]  P. Taroni,et al.  Multihance clinical pharmacology: biodistribution and MR enhancement of the liver. , 1998, Academic radiology.

[21]  Henrik S. Thomsen,et al.  The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation , 2005, European Radiology.

[22]  M. Taupitz,et al.  Phase I clinical evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA as a hepatobiliary MR contrast agent: safety, pharmacokinetics, and MR imaging. , 1995, Radiology.

[23]  W. Schima,et al.  Hepatobiliary contrast agents for contrast-enhanced MRI of the liver: properties, clinical development and applications , 2004, European Radiology.

[24]  G. Schuhmann-Giampieri.  Liver contrast media for magnetic resonance imaging. Interrelations between pharmacokinetics and imaging. , 1993, Investigative radiology.

[25]  P. Robinson,et al.  Improved detection of focal liver lesions at MR imaging: multicenter comparison of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR images with intraoperative findings. , 2004, Radiology.

[26]  K. Kwong,et al.  Dynamic gadolinium‐enhanced echo‐planar MR imaging of the liver: Effect of pulse sequence and dose on enhancement , 1994, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[27]  E. Rummeny,et al.  Phase II clinical evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA: dose, safety aspects, and pulse sequence. , 1996, Radiology.

[28]  L. Martí-Bonmatí,et al.  Safety and efficacy of Mangafodipir trisodium in patients with liver lesions and cirrhosis , 2003, European Radiology.

[29]  P. R. Ros,et al.  Primary liver neoplasms: MR imaging with pathologic correlation. , 1994, Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc.

[30]  N M Rofsky,et al.  Hepatic arterial-phase dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging: optimization with a test examination and a power injector. , 1997, Radiology.

[31]  R. Edelman,et al.  Hepatic hemangiomas: a multi-institutional study of appearance on T2-weighted and serial gadolinium-enhanced gradient-echo MR images. , 1994, Radiology.

[32]  F. Maggioni,et al.  Gadobenate dimeglumine 0.5 M solution for injection (MultiHance) as contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging of the liver: mechanistic studies in animals. , 1999, Journal of computer assisted tomography.

[33]  C. de Haën,et al.  Soluble‐type hepatobiliary contrast agents for MR imaging , 1993, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[34]  T. Winter,et al.  MR imaging with i.v. superparamagnetic iron oxide: efficacy in the detection of focal hepatic lesions. , 1993, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[35]  G. Morana,et al.  MRI of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) with gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd‐BOPTA) and SPIO (ferumoxides): An intra‐individual comparison , 2003, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[36]  G. Marchal,et al.  Focal liver lesions: evaluation of the efficacy of gadobenate dimeglumine in MR imaging--a multicenter phase III clinical study. , 2000, Radiology.

[37]  C. Wang,et al.  Mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver and pancreas. , 1998, Acta radiologica. Supplementum.

[38]  C. Claussen,et al.  Mn‐DPDP–enhanced MR imaging of malignant liver lesions: Efficacy and safety in 20 patients , 1993, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[39]  R. Jeffrey,et al.  Dynamic breath-hold multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled MR imaging with gadolinium enhancement for differentiating hepatic hemangiomas from malignancies at 1.5 T. , 1993, Radiology.

[40]  R. Weissleder,et al.  Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide: characterization of a new class of contrast agents for MR imaging. , 1990, Radiology.

[41]  H. Weinmann,et al.  Preclinical evaluation of Gd-EOB-DTPA as a contrast agent in MR imaging of the hepatobiliary system. , 1992, Radiology.