GENDER, RACE, AND COMMUTING AMONG SERVICE SECTOR WORKERS∗

The generality that women work closer to home and have shorter commuting times than men needs to be assessed for racial groups. Statistical analysis of commuting times for a large sample of service workers in the New York metropolitan area shows that black and hispanic women commute as far as their male counterparts and their commuting times far exceed those of white men and women. Workplace factors, such as income, occupation, and job accessibility, are important in explaining these findings.

[1]  A. Hecht.  THE JOURNEY‐TO‐WORK DISTANCE IN RELATION TO THE SOCIO‐ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKERS , 1974 .

[2]  R. Sanders.  INTEGRATING RACE AND ETHNICITY INTO GEOGRAPHIC GENDER STUDIES , 1990 .

[3]  James O. Wheeler,et al.  Occupational Status and Work-Trips: A Minimum Distance Approach , 1967 .

[4]  C. Epstein,et al.  Deceptive Distinctions: Sex, Gender and the Social Order , 1991 .

[5]  Aharon Kellerman,et al.  GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUTING DISTANCE, RESIDENCE, AND EMPLOYMENT LOCATION: METROPOLITAN HAIFA 1972 AND 1983∗ , 1990 .

[6]  G. Clark,et al.  Why Poor People Do Not Move: Job Search Behavior and Disequilibrium Amongst Local Labor Markets , 1983 .

[7]  H. Goddard.  Recent Evidence on Black Employment and Metropolitan Decentralization , 1982 .

[8]  J. Madden.  Why Women Work Closer to Home , 1981 .

[9]  B. A. Jones.  Black women and labor force participation: An analysis of sluggish growth rates , 1985 .

[10]  Geraldine Pratt,et al.  SPATIAL DIMENSIONS OF THE GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR IN A LOCAL LABOR MARKET , 1988 .

[11]  Robert J. Samuelson,et al.  Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1988 , 1989 .

[12]  S. Hanson,et al.  GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WORK-TRIP LENGTH: EXPLANATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS , 1985 .

[13]  Janet Saltzman Chafetz,et al.  Deceptive Distinctions: Sex, Gender, and the Social Order.By Cynthia Fuchs Epstein. Yale University Press and Russell Sage Foundation. 300 pp. $25.00 , 1989 .

[14]  D. Ellwood.  The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: are There Teenage Jobs Missing in the Ghetto? , 1983 .

[15]  G. Wekerle,et al.  CAPTIVE RIDER, CAPTIVE LABOR: SPATIAL CONSTRAINTS AND WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT , 1988 .

[16]  J. Kain.  Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization , 1968 .

[17]  Janet E. Kodras,et al.  Labor Market and Policy Constraints on the Work Disincentive Effect of Welfare , 1986 .

[18]  J. Madden,et al.  The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System Spatial Implications of Increases in the Female Labor Force : A Theoretical and Empirical Synthesis , 2007 .

[19]  B. Bergmann,et al.  The economic emergence of women , 1986 .

[20]  M. Hughes.  Moving Up and Moving Out: Confusing Ends and Means About Ghetto Dispersal , 1987 .

[21]  J. Fagnani.  WOMEN'S COMMUTING PATTERNS IN THE PARIS REGION , 1983 .

[22]  Philip Sheldon Foner.  Women And The American Labor Movement , 1979 .

[23]  P. Daniels.  Some perspectives on the geography of services , 1988 .

[24]  Kevin O'Connor,et al.  The analysis of journey to work patterns in human geography - , 1980 .

[25]  Elizabeth M. Almquist,et al.  Slipping Through the Cracks: The Status of Black Women , 1988 .

[26]  A. Howe,et al.  TRAVEL TO WORK AND LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION OF MEN AND WOMEN IN AN AUSTRALIAN METROPOLITAN AREA , 1982 .

[27]  Jonathan S. Leonard.  The Interaction of Residential Segregation and Employment Discrimination , 1984 .

[28]  P. Gordon,et al.  Gender Differences in Metropolitan Travel Behaviour , 1989 .

[29]  A. Scott,et al.  Metropolis: From the Division of Labor to Urban Form , 1988 .

[30]  S. Christopherson,et al.  Flexibility in the US Service Economy and the Emerging Spatial Division of Labour , 1989 .