The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis

In recent years, there has been a revival of concerns that automation and digitalisation might after all result in a jobless future. The debate has been fuelled by studies for the US and Europe arguing that a substantial share of jobs is at “risk of computerisation”. These studies follow an occupation-based approach proposed by Frey and Osborne (2013), i.e. they assume that whole occupations rather than single job-tasks are automated by technology. As we argue, this might lead to an overestimation of job automatibility, as occupations labelled as high-risk occupations often still contain a substantial share of tasks that are hard to automate. Our paper serves two purposes. Firstly, we estimate the job automatibility of jobs for 21 OECD countries based on a task-based approach. In contrast to other studies, we take into account the heterogeneity of workers’ tasks within occupations. Overall, we find that, on average across the 21 OECD countries, 9 % of jobs are automatable. The threat from technological advances thus seems much less pronounced compared to the occupation-based approach. We further find heterogeneities across OECD countries. For instance, while the share of automatable jobs is 6 % in Korea, the corresponding share is 12 % in Austria. Differences between countries may reflect general differences in workplace organisation, differences in previous investments into automation technologies as well as differences in the education of workers across countries. Ces dernieres annees, les craintes que l’automatisation et la numerisation aboutissent finalement a un futur sans emploi se sont reveillees. Le debat a ete alimente par des etudes sur les Etats-Unis et l’Europe arguant qu’une grande partie des emplois etaient en « risque d’informatisation ». Ces etudes utilisent une methode basee sur les professions proposee par Frey et Osborne (2013), c’est-a-dire qu’elles supposent que les professions dans leur ensemble et non les tâches isolees sont automatisees. Comme nous l’avancons, cette hypothese peut mener a la surestimation de l’automatisation des emplois, puisque les professions dites a haut risque comprennent souvent une part substantielle de tâches difficiles a automatiser. Notre article a un double objectif. D’une part, nous estimons par une approche basee sur les tâches la possibilite d’automatiser les emplois pour 21 pays de l’OCDE. A la difference d’autres etudes, nous prenons en compte l’heterogeneite des tâches au sein des professions. Globalement, nous estimons que 9 % des emplois sont automatisables en moyenne dans les 21 pays de l’OCDE. La menace generee par les avancees technologiques semble donc bien moindre que celle donnee par la methode basee sur les professions. Nous trouvons egalement que les pays de l’OCDE sont heterogenes en la matiere. Par exemple, alors que la part des emplois automatisables represente 6 % en Coree, elle s’eleve a 12 % en Autriche. Les differences entre pays peuvent etre le reflet des diversites concernant l’organisation du lieu de travail en general, des differences dans les investissements faits auparavant dans les technologies d’automatisation ou encore des variations dans les niveaux d’education des travailleurs.

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