Model Correlation and Damage Location for Large Space Truss Structures

AbstractOn-orbit testing of a large space structure, like Space Station Freedom, will be required tocomplete the certification of any mathematical model for the structure dynamic response. Prior toassembly in orbit, model verification will occur only at the substructure level or with scale modeltechnology. Ground tests of the complete structure are not possible.The process of establishing a mathematical model that matches measured structure responseis referred to as "model correlation." Most model correlation approaches have, as their essence,an identification technique to determine structural characteristics from measurements of thestructure response.The current research program, under Grant NAG-1-960, approached this problem with oneparticular class of identification techniques - matrix adjustment methods - which use measureddata to produce an optimal update of the structure property matrix, often the stiffness matrix.Previous research had led to new methods for identification to handle problems of the size andcomplexity expected for large space structures. Further development and refinement of these"secant-method" identification algorithms was undertaken. Also, evaluation of these techniquesin an approach for model correlation and damage location was initiated.Efforts for development and evaluation of secant methods for structure identification haveproduced understanding in a broad area now te_ed optimal-update identification or optimalmatrix adjustment. This is the major result of this grant effort. Constrained optimizationformulations for updating the property matrices of a model of a structure using measured dynamicresponse data have been developed and examined. In additon, these techniques are applicable toother problems in which multiple constraints can be specified for a matrix updating problem, forexample, control gain calculations.Evaluation of these techniques for the problem of damage detection is still in progress,however. Improved understanding resulted from the development efforts and evaluation studiesunder this grant but additional efforts were def'med as a result. In particular, attention to theproblem of sensor placement, among others, is needed to produce the best mode shapeinformation for the identification process.As a result of this research effort, ten publications have, or will, appear. In the summarysection, these publications are listed. Abstracts are reproduced where they are available.

[1]  Kelly S. Carney,et al.  Modal selection in structural dynamics , 1989 .

[2]  J. T. Dorsey.  Structural performance of space station trusses with missing members , 1986 .

[3]  D. Zimmermann,et al.  Model correction using a symmetric eigenstructure assignment technique , 1989 .

[4]  R. S. Pappa,et al.  A comparative overview of modal testing and system identification for control of structures , 1988 .

[5]  James T. P. Yao,et al.  Damage evaluation for structural reliability assessment , 1983 .

[6]  D. Kammer.  A hybrid approach to test-analysis-model development for large space structures , 1991 .

[7]  Roy R. Craig,et al.  A GENERALIZED MULTIPLE-INPUT. MULTIPLE-OUTPUT MODAL PARAMETER ESTIMATION ALGORITHM , 1985 .

[8]  V. Matzen.  Time Domain Identification of Linear Structures , 1988 .

[9]  D. L. Brown,et al.  IMPULSE TECHNIQUE FOR STRUCTURAL FREQUENCY RESPONSE TESTING , 1977 .

[10]  J. E. Brock.  Optimal matrices describing linear systems. , 1968 .

[11]  Bruce M. Douglas,et al.  DYNAMIC TESTS AND SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION OF BRIDGES , 1982 .

[12]  Raphael T. Hafkta.  Reply by Author to M. Baruch , 1985 .

[13]  Scott Hendricks,et al.  Damage detection and location in large space trusses , 1988 .

[14]  R. Guyan.  Reduction of stiffness and mass matrices , 1965 .

[15]  John L. Junkins,et al.  Identification of large flexible structures mass/stiffness and damping from on-orbit experiments , 1984 .

[16]  David C. Zimmerman,et al.  Model Refinement and Damage Location for Intelligent Structures , 1992 .

[17]  Jer-Nan Juang,et al.  An eigensystem realization algorithm for modal parameter identification and model reduction. [control systems design for large space structures] , 1985 .

[18]  D. Inman,et al.  Matching Finite Element Models to Modal Data , 1990 .

[19]  D. Joseph Mook,et al.  Estimation and identification of nonlinear dynamic systems , 1988 .

[20]  Menahem Baruch.  A criterion for shape control robustness of space structures , 1988 .

[21]  William P. Rodden,et al.  A method for deriving structural influence coefficients from ground vibration tests. , 1967 .

[22]  Shyi-Yaung Chen,et al.  Application of the generalized inverse in structural system identification , 1984 .

[23]  Dan T. Horak.  Experimental estimation of modeling errors in dynamic systems , 1989 .

[24]  S. Srinathkumar.  Eigenvalue/eigenvector assignment using output feedback , 1978 .

[25]  Jer-Nan Juang,et al.  Some experiences with the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm , 1988 .

[26]  John L. Junkins,et al.  Structural parameter identification for flexible spacecraft , 1984 .

[27]  D. Kammer.  Sensor Placement for On-Orbit Modal Identification and Correlation of Large Space Structures , 1990, 1990 American Control Conference.

[28]  B. K. Wada,et al.  Nonlinear sensitivity coefficients and corrections in system identification , 1986 .

[29]  H. D. McNiven,et al.  A mathematical model to predict the inelastic response of a steel frame: Formulation of the model , 1978 .

[30]  Vernon C. Matzen,et al.  A mathematical model to predict the inelastic response of a steel frame: Establishment of parameters from shaking table experiments , 1978 .

[31]  J. Chen,et al.  Analytical Model Improvement Using Modal Test Results , 1980 .

[32]  W. P. Targoff.  Reply by Author to W. P. Rodden , 1977 .

[33]  D. Kammer.  Optimum approximation for residual stiffness in linear system identification , 1988 .

[34]  A. Berman.  Improved orthogonality check for measured modes , 1980 .

[35]  John W. Wallace,et al.  Development of an experimental space station model for structural dynamics research , 1990 .

[36]  Prabhat Hajela,et al.  Recent developments in damage detection based on system identification methods , 1990 .

[37]  Ward Heylen,et al.  Applications of the modal assurance criterion in dynamic model updating , 1989 .

[38]  Jer-Nan Juang,et al.  Galileo spacecraft modal identification using an eigensystem realization algorithm , 1984 .

[39]  F. A. Batla.  Methodology of design and analysis of external walls of space station for hypervelocity impacts by meteoroids and space debris , 1986 .

[40]  B. K. Wada,et al.  System identification of a truss type space structure using the multiple boundary condition test (MBCT) method , 1987 .

[41]  W. F. Chen,et al.  A Damage Indicator for Reinforced Concrete Frames , 1984 .

[42]  S. Smith,et al.  SECANT-METHOD ADJUSTMENT FOR STRUCTURAL MODELS , 1989 .

[43]  W. M. West.  Single point random modal test technology application to failure detection , 1982 .

[44]  Gerard C. Pardoen,et al.  Effect of Delamination on the Natural Frequencies of Composite Laminates , 1989 .

[45]  John E. Mottershead,et al.  Theory for the estimation of structural vibration parameters from incomplete data , 1990 .

[46]  Roberto A. Osegueda,et al.  Nondestructive construction error detection in large space structures , 1990 .

[47]  David L. Brown,et al.  Direct system parameter identification of mechanical structures with application to modal analysis , 1982 .

[48]  J. Juang,et al.  Effects of Noise on Modal Parameters Identified by the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm , 1986 .

[49]  R. Schnabel.  Quasi-Newton Methods Using Multiple Secant Equations. , 1983 .

[50]  Rex K. Kincaid,et al.  Minimizing Distortion and Internal Forces in Truss Structures by Simulated Annealing , 1990 .

[51]  Rama K. Yedavalli,et al.  Determination of critical parameters in large flexible space structures with uncertain modal data , 1983 .

[52]  M. Salama,et al.  Optimal placement of excitations and sensors for verification of large dynamical systems , 1987 .

[53]  Malcolm A. Cutchins,et al.  Investigation of dynamic characteristics of an elastic wing model by using corrections of mass and stiffness matrices , 1988 .

[54]  M Richardson.  DETECTION OF DAMAGE IN STRUCTURES FROM CHANGES IN THEIR DYNAMIC (MODAL) PROPERTIES - A SURVEY , 1980 .

[55]  Menahem Baruch.  Comment on "Optimum Placement of Controls for Static Deformations of Space Structures" , 1985 .

[56]  M. Baruch.  Optimization Procedure to Correct Stiffness and Flexibility Matrices Using Vibration Tests , 1978 .

[57]  Haim Baruh,et al.  Sensor-failure detection method for flexible structures , 1987 .

[58]  A. Berman,et al.  System identification of structural dynamic models Theoretical and practical bounds , 1984 .

[59]  N. Niedbal,et al.  Updating a Finite-Element Model by Means of Normal Mode Parameters. , 1990 .

[60]  R. Gran,et al.  On orbit testing for large space structures , 1979 .

[61]  John A. Brandon.  Comment on "Application of the Generalized Inverse in Structural System Identification" , 1985 .

[62]  Sheldon Rubin.  Ambient Vibration Survey of Offshore Platform , 1980 .

[63]  Jeffrey Bennighof,et al.  A substructure-based parallel algorithm for structure transient response calculations , 1989 .

[64]  R. Haftka,et al.  Sensitivity Analysis of Discrete Structural Systems , 1986 .

[65]  John L. Junkins,et al.  Identification of large structures on orbit - A survey , 1989 .

[66]  M. Salama,et al.  Selection of active member locations in adaptive structures , 1989 .

[67]  E.Y. Shapiro,et al.  Eigenstructure Assignment for Linear Systems , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[68]  Alex Berman,et al.  Theory of Incomplete Models of Dynamic Structures , 1971 .

[69]  M. Baruch.  Optimal correction of mass and stiffness matrices using measured modes , 1982 .

[70]  Mark S. Lake,et al.  Experimental evaluation of small-scale erectable truss hardware , 1987 .

[71]  Walter M. West,et al.  Illustration of the use of modal assurance criterion to detect structural changes in an Orbiter test specimen , 1986 .

[72]  W. P. Targoff.  Orthogonality Check and Correction of Measured Modes , 1976 .

[73]  Mark Richardson,et al.  FAULT DETECTION IN STRUCTURES FROM CHANGES IN THEIR MODAL PARAMETERS , 1989 .

[74]  Paul Sas,et al.  Uniqueness aspects of model-updating procedures , 1989 .

[75]  M. N. Wagdi,et al.  An Adaptive Control Approach to Sensor Failure Detection and Isolation , 1982 .

[76]  M. Baruch,et al.  Correction of stiffness matrix using vibration tests , 1982 .

[77]  Stepan Simonian,et al.  Test/analysis model correlation and validations for multiple-constraint configurations , 1990 .

[78]  F. Wei,et al.  Stiffness matrix correction from incomplete test data , 1980 .

[79]  A. Berman.  Limitations on the Identification of Discrete Structural Dynamic Models , 1984 .

[80]  A. Berman,et al.  Improvement of a Large Analytical Model Using Test Data , 1983 .

[81]  F. J. Soeiro,et al.  Structural damage detection based on static and modal analysis , 1989 .

[82]  Alvar Kabe.  An efficient direct measurement mode survey test procedure , 1987 .

[83]  W. E. Vander Velde,et al.  Number and placement of control system components considering possible failures. [for large space structures] , 1984 .

[84]  Christopher Beattie,et al.  Optimal matrix approximants in structural identification , 1992 .

[85]  James T. P. Yao.  Damage Assessment of Existing Structures , 1980 .

[86]  John L. Junkins,et al.  Minimum model error estimation for poorly modeled dynamic systems , 1987 .

[87]  Fu-Shang Wei,et al.  Analytical dynamic model improvement using vibration test data , 1990 .

[88]  Itzhack Bar-itzhack,et al.  Iterative Optimal Orthogonalization of the Strapdown Matrix , 1975, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.

[89]  Menahem Baruch,et al.  Reply by Authors to A. Berman , 1979 .

[90]  J. C. Chen,et al.  Application of multiple input random and polyreference analysis techniques to the Galileo spacecraft modal test , 1984 .

[91]  Choon T. Chon,et al.  Sensitivity of total strain energy of a vehicle structure to local joint stiffness , 1987 .

[92]  Menahern Baruch,et al.  Optimal Weighted Orttiogonalization of Measured Modes , 1978 .

[93]  Menahem Baruch,et al.  Selective Optimal Orthogonalization of Measured Modes , 1979 .

[94]  R. N. Coppolino,et al.  Detectability Of Structural Failures In Offshore Platforms By Ambient Vibration Monitoring , 1980 .

[95]  S. Smith,et al.  Expansion and orthogonalization of measured modes for structure identification , 1989 .

[96]  J. Peter,et al.  Direct update of dynamic mathematical models from modal test data , 1987 .

[97]  J. S. Arora,et al.  Optimal Design of Large Structures for Damage Tolerance , 1980 .

[98]  Alvar M. Kabe,et al.  Constrained Adjustment of Analytical Stiffness Matrices , 1985 .

[99]  Sheldon Rubin,et al.  Flexibility monitoring of offshore jacket platforms , 1983 .

[100]  J. D. Collins,et al.  Statistical Identification of Structures , 1973 .

[101]  R. K. Miller,et al.  A System Identification Approach to the Detection of Changes in Structural Parameters , 1988 .

[102]  Alex Berman,et al.  Mass Matrix Correction Using an Incomplete Set of Measured Modes , 1979 .

[103]  Ron Potter,et al.  Modal Analysis for the Connoisseur , 1988 .

[104]  R. S. Ryan,et al.  Dynamics and control of large space structures , 1984 .

[105]  Sami F. Masri,et al.  Detection of Structural Changes in a Bridge Model , 1990 .

[106]  James T. P. Yao,et al.  Structural Identification Concept , 1978 .

[107]  Nelson Glenn Creamer.  Identification of linear structural models , 1987 .

[108]  John L. Junkins,et al.  Identification of vibrating flexible structures , 1985 .

[109]  Alvar M. Kabe.  Mode Shape Identification and Orthogonalization , 1988 .

[110]  Menahem Baruch.  Methods of Reference Basis for Identification of Linear Dynamic Structures , 1984 .

[111]  Yoshikazu Miyazawa,et al.  Approach to modeling and estimation for uncertain systems , 1989 .

[112]  A. Kabe.  Stiffness matrix adjustment using mode data , 1985 .

[113]  Haim Baruh,et al.  Identification of modal parameters in vibrating structures , 1988 .

[114]  Suzanne Weaver Smith,et al.  Locating Damaged Members in a Truss Structure Using Modal Test Data: a Demonstration Experiment , 1989 .

[115]  J. Leyva-Ramos,et al.  An Algorithm for Identification and Analysis of Large Space Structures , 1982 .

[116]  A Berman,et al.  Error Estimation and Compensation in Reduced Dynamic Models of Large Space Structures , 1986 .

[117]  S. Smith,et al.  Optimal identification using inconsistent modal data , 1991 .

[118]  William P. Rodden,et al.  Comment on "Orthogonality Check and Correction of Measured Modes" , 1977 .

[119]  P. Toint.  On sparse and symmetric matrix updating subject to a linear equation , 1977 .

[120]  John E. Dennis,et al.  Numerical methods for unconstrained optimization and nonlinear equations , 1983, Prentice Hall series in computational mathematics.

[121]  R. G. Flesch,et al.  A DYNAMIC METHOD FOR THE SAFETY INSPECTION OF LARGE PRESTRESSED BRIDGES , 1990 .