Activated carbon derived from spherical hydrochar functionalized with triethylenetetramine: synthesis, characterizations, and adsorption application

Abstract This study investigated the adsorption capacities of various contaminants on glucose-derived hydrochar (GH) and glucose-activated carbon (GAC) functionalized with triethylenetetramine (TETA). The two-stage synthesis process consisted of (1) hydrothermal carbonization using various TETA concentrations (1%–5%) to create TETA-functionalized GHs, and (2) chemical activation with NaOH to produce TETA-GACs. The basic properties of the adsorbents were examined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The adsorption characteristics of the GH and GAC samples toward two heavy metal ions (Pb2+ and Cu2+), phenol, methylene green (MG5), and acid red 1 (AR1) were also examined. The results indicated that GAC1% and GH1% exhibited excellent adsorption capacities. Specifically, the maximum adsorption capacities of GAC1% and GH1% reached 370 mg/g and 128 mg/g for Pb2+, 208 mg/g and 84 mg/g for Cu2+, 196 mg/g and 137 mg/g for phenol, 175 mg/g and 67 mg/g for MG5, and 156 mg/g and 21 mg/g for AR1, respectively. In conclusion, amine functionalization on the surface of GHs and GACs efficiently enhances the removal capacities of various contaminants in water.

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