Content analysis to classify and compare Live, Virtual, Constructive simulations and System of Systems

In this paper, we examine to what extent Live, Virtual, Constructive (LVC) simulations can be used to model and simulate a System of Systems (SoS) by (1) establishing LVC and SoS domain profiles based on concepts discussed in each community and (2) finding overlapping concepts. To do so, we apply content analysis to the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) conference papers to identify the driving concepts and relationships that are most associated with LVC systems. Similarly, we apply content analysis to the IEEE/Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference on System of Systems Engineering (SOSE). We use the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization dataset to train a learner about LVC and automatically discover the LVC concepts and relationships within the SoS literature. Similarly, we use the SoS Engineering dataset to train a learner about SoS and use it to discover the concepts and relationships of SoS in the LVC literature. We show the two domains present some overlap on the technical side. However, LVC does not consider what the SoS literature considers crucial: the human/social component. This omission, or assumption, suggests that (1), although the SoS body of knowledge has some theoretical work, there is not enough work that transitions theory to practice and (2) LVC does not implement full SoS concepts but reflects traditional system approaches.

[1]  Andreas Tolk,et al.  Modeling and Simulation in Support of Network-Centric Approaches and Capabilities , 2009 .

[2]  John Boardman,et al.  Taking Hold of System of Systems Management , 2008 .

[3]  Yuen-Hsien Tseng,et al.  Trends of Science Education Research: An Automatic Content Analysis , 2010 .

[4]  Albert Cherns,et al.  Principles of Sociotechnical Design Revisted , 1987 .

[5]  Raymond R. Hill,et al.  The art and science of live, virtual, and constructive simulation for test and analysis , 2014 .

[6]  Jose J. Padilla,et al.  System of Systems Engineering Requirements: Challenges and Guidelines , 2008 .

[7]  Andreas Tolk,et al.  Applying the Levels of Conceptual Interoperability Model in Support of Integratability, Interoperabi , 2007 .

[8]  J. Bisman,et al.  Interrogating accountability: An illustration of the use of Leximancer software for qualitative data analysis , 2010 .

[9]  Mark W. Maier,et al.  Architecting Principles for Systems‐of‐Systems , 1996 .

[10]  Colin Seymour-Ure,et al.  Content Analysis in Communication Research. , 1972 .

[11]  Sankaran Mahadevan,et al.  Quantification of margins and uncertainties of complex systems in the presence of aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty , 2011, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[12]  Elizabeth Mezzacappa.  Effectiveness testing of non-lethal weapons , 2014 .

[13]  Chin-Chung Tsai,et al.  Research and trends in science education from 1998 to 2002: a content analysis of publication in selected journals , 2005 .

[14]  Mo M. Jamshidi,et al.  A Discrete Event XML based Simulation Framework for System of Systems Architectures , 2007, 2007 IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering.

[15]  Paul Monday.  Architecture of the Counter Insurgency Experiment , 2009 .

[16]  Robert Cloutier,et al.  Net Centricity and System of Systems , 2008 .

[17]  Andreas Tolk,et al.  Toward a Research Agenda for M&S Support of System of Systems Engineering , 2014 .

[18]  Michael Jackson,et al.  Towards a System of Systems Methodologies , 1984 .

[19]  Keith W. Hipel,et al.  The Future of Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Application Domains and Research Methods , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews).

[20]  G. Rabadi,et al.  System of systems engineering , 2003, IEEE Engineering Management Review.

[21]  Mo Jamshidi.  Introduction to System of Systems , 2008 .

[22]  Klaus Krippendorff,et al.  Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology , 1980 .

[23]  Mohammad Jamshidi,et al.  System of systems engineering : innovations for the 21st century , 2008 .

[24]  Albert B. Cherns,et al.  The Principles of Sociotechnical Design , 1976 .

[25]  Bernard P. Zeigler,et al.  Implementation of a Formal Standard for Interoperability in M & S / Systems of Systems Integration with DEVS / SOA , 2008 .

[26]  Charles E. Dickerson,et al.  Relational oriented systems engineering framework for flight training , 2014 .

[27]  John A. Sokolowski,et al.  Handbook of Real-World Applications in Modeling and Simulation , 2012 .

[28]  David C. Thoman,et al.  An iterative process for verification of a meteorological data server , 2013 .

[29]  Navonil Mustafee,et al.  Exploring the modelling and simulation knowledge base through journal co-citation analysis , 2014, Scientometrics.

[30]  James C. Taylor,et al.  Performance By Design: Sociotechnical Systems In North America , 1992 .

[31]  Yaneer Bar-Yam,et al.  Dynamics Of Complex Systems , 2019 .

[32]  Howard Eisner,et al.  RCASSE: Rapid Computer‐Aided System of Systems (S2) Engineering , 1993 .

[33]  Chin-Chung Tsai,et al.  Research Trends in Science Education from 2003 to 2007: A content analysis of publications in selected journals , 2009 .

[34]  Irene Eusgeld,et al.  "System-of-systems" approach for interdependent critical infrastructures , 2011, Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf..

[35]  Charles B. Keating,et al.  Emergence in System of Systems , 2008 .

[36]  Chris Gaughan,et al.  Systems engineering for distributed live, virtual, and constructive (LVC) simulation , 2010, Proceedings of the 2010 Winter Simulation Conference.

[37]  Amity Noltemeyer,et al.  Race and Ethnicity in School Psychology Publications: A Content Analysis and Comparison to Publications in Related Disciplines , 2013 .

[38]  Warren Bizub,et al.  Transitioning to the next generation (nextgen) defense training environment (DTE) , 2011, Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC).