The Square Kilometre Array: Paving the way for the new 21st century radio astronomy paradigm - ReadingSample

The radio frequency window of the Square Kilometre Array is planned to cover the wavelength regime from cm up to a few meters. For this range to be optimally covered, different antenna concepts are considered enabling many science cases. At the lowest frequency range, up to a few GHz, it is expected that multi-beam techniques will be used, increasing the effective field-of-view to a level that allows very efficient detailed and sensitive exploration of the complete sky. Although sparse narrow band phased arrays are as old as radio astronomy, multi-octave sparse and dense arrays now being considered for the SKA, requiring new low noise design, signal processing and calibration techniques. These new array techniques have already been successfully introduced as phased array feeds upgrading existing reflecting telescopes and for new telescopes to enhance the aperture efficiency as well as greatly increasing their field-of-view (van Ardenne et al., Proc IEEE 97(8):2009) by [1]. Aperture arrays use phased arrays without any additional reflectors; the phased array elements are small enough to see most of the sky intrinsically offering a large field of view. The implementation requirements of high frequency, astronomically capable phased arrays are severe in terms of power and cost due to the large numbers of channels and the amount of digital processing required. However, technological roadmapping shows that a cost effective large scale implementation for the SKA is achievable soon. An aperture array covering this frequency range is the only instrument able to perform some of the most challenging science experiments planned for the SKA and is likely to make some transformational discoveries. In the context of defining and developing the next SKA phase the international Aperture Array Verification Program, is working on both the sparse low frequency array from 70 to 450 MHz and a dense array from 400 to 1,450 MHz as the low frequency system for the SKA. A. van Ardenne ( ) ASTRON, P.O. Box 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands e-mail: ardenne@astron.nl D. Barbosa et al. (eds.), The Square Kilometre Array: Paving the way for the new 21st century radio astronomy paradigm, Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-22795-0 2, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 9 10 A. van Ardenne et al. The work aims to provide insight into the status of enabling technologies and technical research on polarization, calibration and side lobe control required to fully realise the potential of phased arrays for the SKA aperture synthesis array.