The regulation of replication origin activation.

At the start of the cell-division programme, proteins must be assembled onto replication origins to establish competence for initiation of DNA synthesis. At the correct moment, other effectors must then coordinate appropriate firing of the various origins to control entry into and progress through S phase. These processes are key targets of cell-cycle control, and understanding their regulation will provide a deeper knowledge of the mechanisms controlling cell proliferation.

[1]  T. Coleman,et al.  The Xenopus Cdc6 Protein Is Essential for the Initiation of a Single Round of DNA Replication in Cell-Free Extracts , 1996, Cell.

[2]  K. Nasmyth,et al.  Loading of an Mcm Protein onto DNA Replication Origins Is Regulated by Cdc6p and CDKs , 1997, Cell.

[3]  H. Scherthan,et al.  The clustering of telomeres and colocalization with Rap1, Sir3, and Sir4 proteins in wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1996, The Journal of cell biology.

[4]  P. Nurse,et al.  p65 cdc18 Plays a major role controlling the initiation of DNA replication in fission yeast , 1995, Cell.

[5]  J. Newport,et al.  A Role for Cdk2 Kinase in Negatively Regulating DNA Replication during S Phase of the Cell Cycle , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.

[6]  J. Li,et al.  CDC45 is required in conjunction with CDC7/DBF4 to trigger the initiation of DNA replication. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  P Linder,et al.  A new pair of B‐type cyclins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that function early in the cell cycle. , 1993, The EMBO journal.

[8]  W. L. Fangman,et al.  Cdc7 is required throughout the yeast S phase to activate replication origins. , 1998, Genes & development.

[9]  S. Elledge,et al.  Recovery from DNA replicational stress is the essential function of the S-phase checkpoint pathway. , 1998, Genes & development.

[10]  Angus I. Lamond,et al.  Spatial Organization of Large-Scale Chromatin Domains in the Nucleus: A Magnified View of Single Chromosome Territories , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.

[11]  D. Gilbert,et al.  Replication origins in yeast versus metazoa: separation of the haves and the have nots. , 1998, Current opinion in genetics & development.

[12]  F. Cross,et al.  CLB5: a novel B cyclin from budding yeast with a role in S phase. , 1992, Genes & development.

[13]  J. Diffley,et al.  Nucleotide-dependent prereplicative complex assembly by Cdc6p, a homolog of eukaryotic and prokaryotic clamp-loaders. , 1998, Molecular cell.

[14]  B. Stillman,et al.  CDC45, a novel yeast gene that functions with the origin recognition complex and Mcm proteins in initiation of DNA replication , 1997, Molecular and cellular biology.

[15]  J. Blow,et al.  Cell Cycle Regulation of the Replication Licensing System: Involvement of a Cdk-dependent Inhibitor , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.

[16]  M. Lei,et al.  Physical interactions among Mcm proteins and effects of Mcm dosage on DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1996, Molecular and cellular biology.

[17]  B. Stillman,et al.  Persistent initiation of DNA replication and chromatin-bound MCM proteins during the cell cycle in cdc6 mutants. , 1997, Genes & development.

[18]  J. Rine,et al.  Roles for ORC in M phase and S phase. , 1998, Science.

[19]  J. Walter,et al.  Regulated chromosomal DNA replication in the absence of a nucleus. , 1998, Molecular cell.

[20]  M. Botchan,et al.  Distinct Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Fractions of Drosophila Heterochromatin Protein 1: Their Phosphorylation Levels and Associations with Origin Recognition Complex Proteins , 1998, The Journal of cell biology.

[21]  J. Diffley,et al.  The Cdc7 protein kinase is required for origin firing during S phase. , 1998, Genes & development.

[22]  R Berezney,et al.  Segregation of transcription and replication sites into higher order domains. , 1998, Science.

[23]  W. L. Fangman,et al.  Cell cycle-dependent establishment of a late replication program. , 1997, Science.

[24]  W. L. Fangman,et al.  A yeast origin of replication is activated late in S phase , 1991, Cell.

[25]  J. Diffley,et al.  A Mec1- and Rad53-dependent checkpoint controls late-firing origins of DNA replication , 1998, Nature.

[26]  M. Yanagida,et al.  A globular complex formation by Nda1 and the other five members of the MCM protein family in fission yeast , 1997, Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms.

[27]  M. Botchan,et al.  Association of the Origin Recognition Complex with Heterochromatin and HP1 in Higher Eukaryotes , 1997, Cell.

[28]  J. LaSalle,et al.  High-resolution analysis of DNA replication domain organization across an R/G-band boundary , 1997, Molecular and cellular biology.

[29]  S. Kearsey,et al.  MCM proteins: evolution, properties, and role in DNA replication. , 1998, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[30]  O. Aparicio,et al.  Components and Dynamics of DNA Replication Complexes in S. cerevisiae: Redistribution of MCM Proteins and Cdc45p during S Phase , 1997, Cell.

[31]  S. Dalton,et al.  Cdc45p assembles into a complex with Cdc46p/Mcm5p, is required for minichromosome maintenance, and is essential for chromosomal DNA replication. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  S. Keezer,et al.  Transformation abrogates an early G1‐phase arrest point required for specification of the Chinese hamster DHFR replication origin , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[33]  K. Arai,et al.  Human and Xenopus cDNAs encoding budding yeast Cdc7‐related kinases: in vitro phosphorylation of MCM subunits by a putative human homologue of Cdc7 , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[34]  S. Gerbi,et al.  Discrete start sites for DNA synthesis in the yeast ARS1 origin. , 1998, Science.

[35]  P. Plevani,et al.  Evidence for a Cdc6p‐independent mitotic resetting event involving DNA polymerase α , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[36]  J. Hayles,et al.  Temporal order of S phase and mitosis in fission yeast is determined by the state of the p34 cdc2 -mitotic B cyclin complex , 1994, Cell.

[37]  K Nasmyth,et al.  CLB5 and CLB6, a new pair of B cyclins involved in DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1993, Genes & development.

[38]  S. Weremowicz,et al.  The Human Homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC45 * , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[39]  S. Bell,et al.  Architecture of the yeast origin recognition complex bound to origins of DNA replication , 1997, Molecular and cellular biology.

[40]  J. Rine,et al.  The origin recognition complex has essential functions in transcriptional silencing and chromosomal replication. , 1995, Genes & development.

[41]  Y. Ishimi.  A DNA Helicase Activity Is Associated with an MCM4, -6, and -7 Protein Complex* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[42]  P. Scambler,et al.  Direct selection of conserved cDNAs from the DiGeorge critical region: isolation of a novel CDC45-like gene. , 1998, Genome research.

[43]  L. Drury,et al.  Cdc6p-dependent loading of Mcm proteins onto pre-replicative chromatin in budding yeast. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  M. Kirschner,et al.  Geminin, an Inhibitor of DNA Replication, Is Degraded during Mitosis , 1998, Cell.

[45]  J. Newport,et al.  Identification of a Preinitiation Step in DNA Replication That Is Independent of Origin Recognition Complex and cdc6, but Dependent on cdk2 , 1998, The Journal of cell biology.

[46]  K Nasmyth,et al.  Association of RPA with chromosomal replication origins requires an Mcm protein, and is regulated by Rad53, and cyclin‐ and Dbf4‐dependent kinases , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[47]  M. Lei,et al.  Mcm2 is a target of regulation by Cdc7-Dbf4 during the initiation of DNA synthesis. , 1997, Genes & development.

[48]  K. Nasmyth,et al.  S-phase-promoting cyclin-dependent kinases prevent re-replication by inhibiting the transition of replication origins to a pre-replicative state , 1995, Current Biology.

[49]  J. Blow,et al.  The RLF‐M component of the replication licensing system forms complexes containing all six MCM/P1 polypeptides , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[50]  S. Forsburg,et al.  Multiple domains of fission yeast Cdc19p (MCM2) are required for its association with the core MCM complex. , 1998, Molecular biology of the cell.

[51]  L. Drury,et al.  The Cdc4/34/53 pathway targets Cdc6p for proteolysis in budding yeast , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[52]  W. L. Fangman,et al.  Multiple determinants controlling activation of yeast replication origins late in S phase. , 1996, Genes & development.

[53]  K. Shirahige,et al.  Regulation of DNA-replication origins during cell-cycle progression , 1998, Nature.

[54]  F. Cross,et al.  CLB5-dependent activation of late replication origins in S. cerevisiae. , 1998, Molecular cell.

[55]  S. Bell,et al.  Initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. , 1997, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[56]  M. Giacca,et al.  Cell cycle modulation of protein–DNA interactions at a human replication origin , 1998, The EMBO journal.

[57]  P. Pahl,et al.  mcm5/cdc46-bob1 bypasses the requirement for the S phase activator Cdc7p. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[58]  P. Dijkwel,et al.  Lagging-Strand, Early-Labelling, and Two-Dimensional Gel Assays Suggest Multiple Potential Initiation Sites in the Chinese Hamster Dihydrofolate Reductase Origin , 1998, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[59]  J. Li,et al.  Ectopic induction of Clb2 in early G1 phase is sufficient to block prereplicative complex formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[60]  W. Zwerschke,et al.  The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC6 gene is transcribed at late mitosis and encodes a ATP/GTPase controlling S phase initiation. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[61]  B. Stillman,et al.  Formation of a preinitiation complex by S-phase cyclin CDK-dependent loading of Cdc45p onto chromatin. , 1998, Science.

[62]  J. Walker,et al.  Distantly related sequences in the alpha‐ and beta‐subunits of ATP synthase, myosin, kinases and other ATP‐requiring enzymes and a common nucleotide binding fold. , 1982, The EMBO journal.

[63]  S. Miyake,et al.  Identification of sna41 gene, which is the suppressor of nda4 mutation and is involved in DNA replication in Schizosaccharomyces pombe , 1998, Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms.

[64]  G. Evan,et al.  Interaction between the Origin Recognition Complex and the Replication Licensing Systemin Xenopus , 1996, Cell.

[65]  J. Diffley,et al.  Once and only once upon a time: specifying and regulating origins of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. , 1996, Genes & development.

[66]  G. Wahl,et al.  Genetic dissection of a mammalian replicator in the human beta-globin locus. , 1998, Science.

[67]  M. DePamphilis,et al.  Identification of Primary Initiation Sites for DNA Replication in the Hamster Dihydrofolate Reductase Gene Initiation Zone , 1998, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[68]  R. Goldman,et al.  Disruption of Nuclear Lamin Organization Alters the Distribution of Replication Factors and Inhibits DNA Synthesis , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.