Other Nondestructive Measurement Technologies

Food systems are complex and dynamic multicomponent and multiphase systems and thus attempts for their characterization must employ a broad arsenal of tools for biochemical, biophysical, and structural investigations and use principles from other fields. Attempts to apply techniques traditionally not widely used in food science provide fascinating challenges and opportunities for modern food materials science. This chapter describes some state-of-art techniques, such as X-rays, Raman, magnetic resonance, and terahertz, their principles, the latest technological advances, and reviews of applications in food system

[1]  Sylvie Chevallier,et al.  Description of internal microstructure of agglomerated cereal powders using X-ray microtomography to study of process–structure relationships , 2014 .

[2]  Dmitri I Svergun,et al.  Applications of small-angle X-ray scattering to biomacromolecular solutions. , 2013, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.

[3]  Jingsong Liu,et al.  X-Ray fluorescence analysis of trace elements in fruit juice , 1999 .

[4]  Dagmar van Dusschoten,et al.  Non-invasive ‘through-package’ assessment of the microstructural quality of a model food emulsion by the NMR MOUSE , 2007 .

[5]  Kai-Erik Peiponen,et al.  Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging , 2013 .

[6]  Gyeongsik Ok,et al.  Foreign-body detection in dry food using continuous sub-terahertz wave imaging , 2014 .

[7]  G. van Dalen,et al.  Determination of the phosphorus and sulphur content in edible oils and fats by wavelength‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry , 1998 .

[8]  Hendrik Metz,et al.  Non-invasive MRI detection of individual pellets in the human stomach. , 2010, European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V.

[9]  M. A. Nobile,et al.  Coffee beans microstructural changes induced by cultivation processing: An X-ray microtomographic investigation , 2012 .

[10]  A. Sacco,et al.  Ripening of Table Olives: Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) , 2010 .

[11]  Franz Pfeiffer,et al.  X-ray phase-contrast tomography of porcine fat and rind. , 2011, Meat science.

[12]  Jie Cheng,et al.  [Rapid determination of melamine in pet food by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy in combination with Ag nanoparticles]. , 2011, Guang pu xue yu guang pu fen xi = Guang pu.

[13]  Luiz Alberto Colnago,et al.  A fast and non-destructive method to discriminate beef samples using TD-NMR , 2014 .

[14]  Liu Rui,et al.  In Situ Detection of Acid Orange II in Food Based on Shell-Isolated Au@SiO2 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy , 2012 .

[15]  Dan Staerk,et al.  High-resolution bacterial growth inhibition profiling combined with HPLC-HRMS-SPE-NMR for identification of antibacterial constituents in Chinese plants used to treat snakebites. , 2014, Journal of ethnopharmacology.

[16]  Serafim Bakalis,et al.  Drying of foods using supercritical carbon dioxide — Investigations with carrot , 2008 .

[17]  Wei Chen,et al.  Effect of microwave on lamellar parameters of rice starch through small-angle X-ray scattering , 2014 .

[18]  Luca Laghi,et al.  Nuclear magnetic resonance for foodomics beyond food analysis , 2014 .

[19]  S. Engelsen,et al.  Vibrational microspectroscopy of food. Raman vs. FT-IR , 2003 .

[20]  Massimo F. Marcone,et al.  Diverse food-based applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology , 2013 .

[21]  L. Hall,et al.  Measurement of textural changes of food by MRI relaxometry. , 1998, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[22]  J. B. Litchfield,et al.  Three-dimensional microscopic MRI of maize kernels during drying , 1992 .

[23]  David L. Call.  in the Food Industry , 2016 .

[24]  François Mariette,et al.  Determination of water self-diffusion coefficient in complex food products by low field 1H PFG-NMR: comparison between the standard spin-echo sequence and the T1-weighted spin-echo sequence. , 2003, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[25]  H H Klump,et al.  Non-destructive NIR-FT-Raman spectroscopy of plant and animal tissues, of food and works of art. , 2000, Talanta.

[26]  Barbara Muik,et al.  Discrimination of olives according to fruit quality using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy and pattern recognition techniques. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[27]  Lars Bager Christensen,et al.  X-ray dark-field imaging for detection of foreign bodies in food , 2013 .

[28]  Stanley P. Cauvain,et al.  Using Cereal Science and Technology for the Benefit of Consumers , 2005 .

[29]  José Miguel Aguilera,et al.  Applications of Microprobe Raman Spectroscopy in Food Science , 2002 .

[30]  Wei Ji,et al.  Quantitative Analysis of Amoxicillin Residues in Foods by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy , 2014 .

[31]  Edme H. Hardy,et al.  Simultaneous microwave heating and three-dimensional MRI temperature mapping , 2009 .

[32]  A. Moreno,et al.  Study by ³¹P NMR spectroscopy of the triacylglycerol degradation processes in olive oil with different heat-transfer mechanisms. , 2014, Food chemistry.

[33]  J. Duynhoven,et al.  Multivariate modelling of the microstructural quality of food emulsions based on NMR , 2007 .

[34]  David Lee Phillips,et al.  Raman spectroscopic study of amidated food proteins , 2007 .

[35]  R. D. Tillett,et al.  Time constraints on glass detection in food materials using Compton scattered X-rays , 2001 .

[36]  Massimiliano Valentini,et al.  The HRMAS–NMR tool in foodstuff characterisation , 2011, Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC.

[37]  David Lee Phillips,et al.  Raman spectroscopic study of deamidated food proteins , 2009 .

[38]  H. L. M. Lelieveld,et al.  Hygiene in food processing , 2003 .

[39]  Jianwei Qin,et al.  Investigation of Raman chemical imaging for detection of lycopene changes in tomatoes during postharvest ripening , 2011 .

[40]  Fabíola Manhas Verbi Pereira,et al.  Through-package fat determination in commercial samples of mayonnaise and salad dressing using time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemometrics , 2015 .

[41]  Mohammad Sharafi,et al.  Responsivity to food stimuli in obese and lean binge eaters using functional MRI , 2006, Appetite.

[42]  Søren Hassing,et al.  Benefits and Challenges in Applying Raman Spectroscopy as a Non-destructive Tool in the Analysis of Food Quality , 2014 .

[43]  V. Chiș,et al.  Detection of thiabendazole applied on citrus fruits and bananas using surface enhanced Raman scattering. , 2014, Food chemistry.

[44]  A. Ferreira,et al.  Tracking the degradation of fresh orange juice and discrimination of orange varieties: an example of NMR in coordination with chemometrics analyses. , 2014, Food chemistry.

[45]  M. A. Del Nobile,et al.  Coffea arabica beans microstructural changes induced by roasting: An X-ray microtomographic investigation , 2012 .

[46]  Salah E. O. Mahgoub,et al.  Effect of traditional Sudanese processing of kisra bread and hulu-mur drink on their thiamine, riboflavin and mineral contents , 1999 .

[47]  Izumi Nakai,et al.  Determination of trace elements in soybean by X-ray fluorescence analysis and its application to identification of their production areas. , 2014, Food chemistry.

[48]  Victor R. Preedy,et al.  Olives and Olive Oil in Health and Disease Prevention , 2010 .

[49]  Gilles Demaurex,et al.  Detection of Physical Hazards , 2014 .

[50]  G Thouand,et al.  Raman spectroscopy applied to the horizontal methods ISO 6579:2002 to identify Salmonella spp. in the food industry , 2014, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[51]  Peng Wang,et al.  Low-field NMR study of heat-induced gelation of pork myofibrillar proteins and its relationship with microstructural characteristics , 2014 .

[52]  Tao Liu,et al.  Determination of Pesticide Residues on the Surface of Fruits Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy , 2010, CCTA.

[53]  S. Quellec,et al.  USE OF MRI FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BREAD PROCESS , 2005 .

[54]  Bart Nicolai,et al.  Computation of mass transport properties of apple and rice from X-ray microtomography images , 2014 .

[55]  Geoffrey S. Payne,et al.  Multiple-quantum-filtered 23Na NMR spectroscopy in model systems , 1991 .

[56]  Chris van der Merwe,et al.  Raman spectroscopic study of the epicuticular wax layer of mature mango (Mangifera indica) fruit , 2004 .

[57]  Quansheng Chen,et al.  Recent advances in emerging imaging techniques for non-destructive detection of food quality and safety , 2013 .

[58]  G. Shi,et al.  Graphene oxide/conducting polymer composite hydrogels , 2011 .

[59]  Leonard M. Proniewicz,et al.  Food additives characterization by infrared, Raman, and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopies , 2007 .

[60]  Juan Manuel Madariaga,et al.  Use of portable devices and confocal Raman spectrometers at different wavelength to obtain the spectral information of the main organic components in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. , 2013, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.

[61]  Joseph Maria Kumar Irudayaraj,et al.  Rapid detection of foodborne microorganisms on food surface using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy , 2003 .

[62]  M. Kim,et al.  Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety VIII , 2012 .

[63]  Mostafa Barigou,et al.  X-ray micro-computed tomography for resolving food microstructures , 2013 .

[64]  Da-Wen Sun,et al.  Computer vision technology in the food and beverage industries. , 2012 .

[65]  C. Salles,et al.  Structure and composition of model cheeses influence sodium NMR mobility, kinetics of sodium release and sodium partition coefficients. , 2013, Food chemistry.

[66]  Yoshimi Hatsukade,et al.  Feasibility study of contaminant detection for food with ULF-NMR/MRI system using HTS-SQUID , 2013 .

[67]  Syed S. H. Rizvi,et al.  Use of non-invasive X-ray microtomography for characterizing microstructure of extruded biopolymer foams , 2005 .

[68]  Ellen Fierens,et al.  Storage of parbaked bread affects shelf life of fully baked end product: a ¹H NMR study. , 2014, Food chemistry.

[69]  Reyer Zwiggelaar,et al.  X-ray Simulations for Imaging Applications in the Agricultural and Food Industries , 1996 .

[70]  Celestino Santos-Buelga,et al.  Flavanol-anthocyanin pigments in corn : NMR characterisation and presence in different purple corn varieties , 2008 .

[71]  J. Bows,et al.  MRI phase mapping of temperature distributions induced in food by microwave heating. , 2000, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[72]  Barbara Cafarelli,et al.  X-ray microtomography and statistical analysis: Tools to quantitatively classify bread microstructure , 2014 .

[73]  Jianwei Qin,et al.  Raman Chemical Imaging System for Food Safety and Quality Inspection , 2010 .

[74]  Paul Chen,et al.  Simulation and verification of ohmic heating in static heater using MRI temperature mapping , 2004 .

[75]  K. S. Lim,et al.  X-ray micro-computed tomography of cellular food products , 2004 .

[76]  Jianwei Qin,et al.  Evaluating carotenoid changes in tomatoes during postharvest ripening using Raman chemical imaging , 2011, Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[77]  V. Guillard,et al.  Application of FTIR and Raman microspectroscopy to the study of food/packaging interactions , 2009, Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment.

[78]  B. Liu,et al.  Detection of Pesticides in Fruits by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Gold Nanostructures , 2013, Food and Bioprocess Technology.

[79]  Miguel de la Guardia,et al.  Direct determination of minerals in human diets by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence , 2014 .

[80]  Takahisa Nishizu,et al.  Measurement of internal shrinkage distribution in spaghetti during drying by X-ray μCT , 2013 .

[81]  Aldo Cipriano,et al.  Automated fish bone detection using X-ray imaging , 2011 .

[82]  Mecit Halil Oztop,et al.  Using multi-slice-multi-echo images with NMR relaxometry to assess water and fat distribution in coated chicken nuggets , 2014 .

[83]  Howell G. M. Edwards,et al.  NIR-FT-Raman spectroscopic analytical characterization of the fruits, seeds, and phytotherapeutic oils from rosehips , 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[84]  Yankun Peng,et al.  Raman spectroscopy and imaging to detect contaminants for food safety applications , 2013, Defense, Security, and Sensing.

[85]  J. Li,et al.  Characterization of food materials in multiple length scales using small-angle X-ray scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance: principle and applications , 2012 .

[86]  D. V. Byrne,et al.  Warmed-over flavour in porcine meat - a combined spectroscopic, sensory and chemometric study. , 2000, Meat science.

[87]  Haiqun Lin,et al.  Skin carotenoid status measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy as a biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake in preschool children , 2012, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[88]  Michael L. Johns,et al.  NMR Studies of Emulsion Microstructure Approaching the Phase Inversion Point , 2014 .

[89]  Yankun Peng,et al.  Rapid detection of pesticide residue in apple based on Raman spectroscopy , 2012, Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[90]  J. Bruce Litchfield,et al.  Determination of convective heat transfer coefficients using 2D MRI temperature mapping and finite element modeling , 1997 .

[91]  H. van As,et al.  Real-time mapping of moisture migration in cereal based food systems with Aw contrast by means of MRI , 2008 .

[92]  E. Gilbert,et al.  Application of small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering techniques to the characterisation of starch structure: A review , 2011 .

[93]  Wolfgang Kiefer,et al.  Vibrational characterization of E102 food additive by Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and theoretical studies , 2005 .

[94]  Kumar Sinniah,et al.  Spectrometric analysis of mercury content in 549 skin-lightening products: is mercury toxicity a hidden global health hazard? , 2014, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[95]  N. Toyofuku,et al.  Computer vision for foreign body detection and removal in the food industry , 2012 .

[96]  R. Baranski,et al.  Raman analysis of caraway (Carum carvi L.) single fruits. Evaluation of essential oil content and its composition. , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[97]  Xinwei Feng,et al.  Rapid Classification of Citrus Fruits Based on Raman Spectroscopy and Pattern Recognition Techniques , 2013 .

[98]  Douglas D. Archibald,et al.  NIR-FT/Raman Spectroscopy for Nutritional Classification of Cereal Foods , 2005 .

[99]  M. Edwards.  Food hygiene and foreign bodies , 2014 .

[100]  Michael J. Gidley,et al.  Confocal Raman Microspectroscopic Study of the Molecular Status of Carotenoids in Tomato Fruits and Foods , 2011 .

[101]  Paul Chen,et al.  Accurate and fast temperature mapping during ohmic heating using proton resonance frequency shift MRI thermometry , 2003 .

[102]  Brian P. Hills,et al.  Applications of Low-Field NMR to Food Science , 2006 .

[103]  Xin Wang,et al.  Relationship between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry volumetric assessment and X-ray computed tomography-derived single-slice measurement of visceral fat. , 2014, Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry.

[104]  H. Wu,et al.  Process analytical technology (PAT): effects of instrumental and compositional variables on terahertz spectral data quality to characterize pharmaceutical materials and tablets. , 2007, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[105]  M. Koch,et al.  Detection of foreign bodies in chocolate with pulsed terahertz spectroscopy , 2008 .

[106]  Gisela Guthausen,et al.  Structure of and diffusion in O/W/O double emulsions by CLSM and NMR–comparison with W/O/W , 2014 .

[107]  Colm P. O'Donnell,et al.  Terahertz time domain spectroscopy and imaging: Emerging techniques for food process monitoring and quality control , 2012 .

[108]  Jun Kawai,et al.  Analysis of wrapped or cased object by a hand-held X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. , 2005, Forensic science international.

[109]  Yankun Peng,et al.  Prototype instrument development for non-destructive detection of pesticide residue in apple surface using Raman technology , 2014 .

[110]  Shyr‐Yi Lin,et al.  Antioxidant, anti-semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, and anti-hypertensive activities of geraniin isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria. , 2008, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[111]  Jayashree Parkar,et al.  Leaching of elements from packaging material into canned foods marketed in India , 2014 .

[112]  Mudrika Khandelwal,et al.  Small angle X-ray study of cellulose macromolecules produced by tunicates and bacteria. , 2014, International journal of biological macromolecules.

[113]  Peter Uhd Jepsen,et al.  Investigation of aqueous alcohol and sugar solutions with reflection terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. , 2007, Optics express.

[114]  Zhongpin Zhang,et al.  Shell thickness-dependent Raman enhancement for rapid identification and detection of pesticide residues at fruit peels. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[115]  Achim Kohler,et al.  Heat-induced changes in myofibrillar protein structures and myowater of two pork qualities. A combined FT-IR spectroscopy and low-field NMR relaxometry study. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[116]  Brian Hills.  Food Properties, Applications of NMR , 2010 .

[117]  Jianwei Qin,et al.  A Raman chemical imaging system for detection of contaminants in food , 2011, Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[118]  P. Butz,et al.  Recent Developments in Noninvasive Techniques for Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Internal Quality Analysis , 2006 .

[119]  Barat Ghobadian,et al.  Nondestructive Determination of Tomato Fruit Quality Parameters Using Raman Spectroscopy , 2011 .

[120]  Kirk K. Nielson,et al.  Occurrence of arsenic in seafoods from fast foods analyzed by X-ray fluorescence , 1991 .

[121]  Maria Lepore,et al.  Investigation on Clarified Fruit Juice Composition by Using Visible Light Micro-Raman Spectroscopy , 2007, Sensors.

[122]  A.J.B. van Boxtel,et al.  Moisture distribution in broccoli: measurements by MRI hot air drying experiments , 2011 .

[123]  David Lee Phillips,et al.  Study of succinylated food proteins by Raman spectroscopy. , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[124]  John C. Lindon,et al.  Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry , 2000 .

[125]  Wolfgang Kiefer,et al.  Raman and surface-enhanced Raman studies of the food additive sodium benzoate , 2007 .

[126]  P. Frisullo,et al.  X-ray microtomography to study the microstructure of cream cheese-type products. , 2011, Journal of dairy science.

[127]  Sakamon Devahastin,et al.  Effect of far-infrared radiation assisted drying on microstructure of banana slices: An illustrative use of X-ray microtomography in microstructural evaluation of a food product , 2008 .

[128]  Ana M. Herrero,et al.  Raman Spectroscopy for Monitoring Protein Structure in Muscle Food Systems , 2008, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[129]  Hagen Stosnach,et al.  Analytical determination of selenium in medical samples, staple food and dietary supplements by means of total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy , 2010 .

[130]  Loïc Foucat,et al.  Absolute quantification of Na+ bound fraction by double-quantum filtered 23Na NMR spectroscopy. , 2007, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[131]  J P Wold,et al.  Raman and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Quantification of Fat Composition in a Complex Food Model System , 2005, Applied spectroscopy.

[132]  J. Hirsch,et al.  Corrigendum to “Responsivity to food stimuli in obese and lean binge eaters using functional MRI” [Appetite 46 (2006) 31–35] , 2006, Appetite.

[133]  Thijs Defraeye,et al.  Application of MRI for tissue characterisation of ‘Braeburn’ apple , 2013 .

[134]  Davide Contini,et al.  Characterizing the tissue of apple air-dried and osmo-air-dried rings by X-CT and OCT and relationship with ring crispness and fruit maturity at harvest measured by TRS , 2014 .

[135]  Vincent Baeten,et al.  A portable Raman sensor for the rapid discrimination of olives according to fruit quality. , 2012, Talanta.

[136]  Kirk K. Nielson,et al.  X-ray fluorescence measurements of Mg, P, S, CI, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in fruits, vegetables, and grain products☆ , 1991 .

[137]  Yibin Ying,et al.  Determination of tetracycline hydrochloride by terahertz spectroscopy with PLSR model. , 2015, Food chemistry.

[138]  S. Syamsundar,et al.  Application of a wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometric technique for the analysis of tantalum in titanium-tantalum alloys , 1994 .