Naming Speed and Reading: From Prediction to Instruction

Current theoretical interpretations of naming speed and the research literature on its relation to reading are reviewed in this article. The authors examine naming speed's effects across languages and the shape of its relationship to reading. Also considered is the double-deficit hypothesis, by which students with both slow naming speed and low phonological awareness are hypothesized to be most at-risk for reading disability. Finally, the instructional literature regarding attempts to improve naming speed and use of naming speed as a predictor of response to intervention is reviewed. The authors conclude that naming speed is uniquely associated with a range of reading tasks across orthographies, and that early identification would be improved by the inclusion of naming speed measures. The poor response to instruction of students who have slow naming speed should be considered when designing interventions. Further work is required to specify the theoretical nature of naming speed and to determine how to help students with slow naming speed. لقد تمت مراجعة التفسيرات النظرية الجارية تجاه سرعة التحديد والأبحاث العلمية بشأن علاقتها بالقراءة في هذه المقالة. إذ يفحص المؤلفون تأثيرات سرعة التحديد عبر اللغات وشكل علاقتها بالقراءة. كما تم الأخذ في الاعتبار نظرية النقصان المتضاعف التي تقول لما يجمع البطء في سرعة التحديد والوعي الضعيف في الصوتيات عند الطالب فيفترض أنه في خطر من العجز في القراءة. وفي الختام تمت مراجعة الأبحاث التعليمية المتعلقة بالمساعي في تحسين سرعة التحديد واستخدام سرعة التحديد كمنبئ للإجابة للتدخل. وينتهي المؤلفون إلى أن سرعة التحديد متعلقة بشكل فريد بمدى من واجبات القراءة عبر الخطوط وأن التعريف المبكر سيتحسن من خلال انضمان مقاييس سرعة التحديد. ويفترض أن الاستجابة الضعيفة لتعليم الطلاب الذين يعانون من سرعة التحديد البطيئة أن يأخذهم بعين الاعتبار عند تصميم التدخلات. وهذا يتطلب أكثر جهد لتعريف طبيعة نظرية سرعة التحديد وتعيين كيفية مساعدة الطلاب الذين عندهم سرعة التحديد البطيئة. 本文评审现时有关命名速度的理论解释及命名速度与阅读之关系的文献。作者首先考查在不同的语言中命名速度的影响力及命名速度与阅读之关系的情形;继而探讨双缺失这个假设,也就是命名速度慢及语音意识低的学生最容易有阅读障碍的假设。最后作者评审教学文献,考查提高命名速度及使用命名速度作为干预教学效应预测因子的尝试。作者在结论中指出:在不同的语言表音方式中,命名速度与一系列的阅读学习任务均具有独特的关联;把命名速度评估纳入考核测试中会有助改善命名速度能力的早期鉴定;在设计干预教学时应考虑到命名速度慢的学生对教学反应差的问题;以及有需要进一步研究命名速度的理论性质,及确定帮助命名速度慢的学生的方法。 On analyse dans cet article les interpretations theoriques courantes de la vitesse de denomination et la litterature de recherche concernant ses relations avec la lecture. Les auteurs analysent les effets de la vitesse de lecture a travers les langues et la forme de sa relation a la lecture. On analyse egalement l'hypothese du double deficit selon laquelle les eleves ayant a la fois une vitesse de denomination lente et une conscience phonologique faible sont consideres comme presentant le plus de risques de difficultes en lecture. On analyse enfin la litterature pedagogique sur les essais d'amelioration de la vitesse de lecture et d'utilisation de la vitesse de denomination comme predicteur de la reponse a l'intervention. Les auteurs concluent que la vitesse de denomination est associee uniquement a un ensemble de tâches de lecture liees a l'orthographe, et que l'identification precoce pourrait etre amelioree si elle incluait des evaluations de la vitesse de lecture. Les reponses mediocres des eleves qui ont une vitesse de denomination lente devraient etre prises en consideration lors de la planification des interventions. D'autres travaux sont necessaires pour preciser la nature de la vitesse de denomination sur le plan theorique et pour determiner comment proceder pour aider les eleves qui ont une faible vitesse de denomination. В статье рассматриваются современные теоретические взгляды на проблему, связанную со скоростью называния предметов, и исследования, посвященные связям подобной проблемы с навыками чтения. Авторы изучают разнообразные проявления этих связей на примере различных языков. Помимо прочего рассматривается гипотеза “двойного дефицита”, согласно которой ученики с низкой скоростью называния предметов и низкой способностью различения звуков считаются наиболее вероятными кандидатами в группу слабо читающих детей. И, наконец, рассматривается учебная литература, где описаны попытки повысить скорость называния предметов, поскольку она принята за индикатор потенциальной реакции на любое вмешательство. Выводы авторов состоят в том, что скорость называния предметов корректируется исключительно сочетанием заданий по чтению и орфографии и такие задания способствуют раннему выявлению проблем с чтением. При планировании учебного вмешательства следует учитывать, с какой скоростью ученики способны называть предметы. Требуются дальнейшие исследования, чтобы окончательно определить теоретическую подоснову этого навыка и характер помощи, в которой нуждаются ученики с низкой скоростью называния предметов. En este articulo se examinan las interpretaciones teoricas mas recientes de la rapidez de nombrar y la literatura sobre la investigacion en cuanto a su relacion con la lectura. Los autores examinan el efecto de la rapidez de nombrar a traves de los idiomas y la forma en que se relaciona a la lectura. Tambien se examina la hipotesis de la doble deficiencia, la cual considera que los estudiantes lentos al nombrar y de poca conciencia fonologica estan a alto riesgo de tener dificultades con la lectura. Por ultimo, se revisa la literatura instruccional sobre los intentos de mejorar no solo la rapidez de nombrar sino tambien su uso como predictor de dificultades al leer. Los autores llegan a la conclusion que la rapidez de nombrar tiene una relacion especial con una serie de tareas de lectura a traves de las ortografias, y que se mejoraria la identificacion temprana si se incluyeran medidas de la rapidez de nombrar. La poca respuesta a la instruccion de estudiantes de baja rapidez de nombrar se debe tomar en cuenta al disenar intervenciones. Se necesitan mas estudios para especificar la base teorica de la rapidez de nombrar y para determinar como ayudar a los estudiantes con una baja rapidez de nombrar.

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