Keeping It Real

The purpose of this study was to understand better how a conversational human voice versus a corporate tone of voice in blogs affects key publics’ responses to an organization in the context of a crisis, using a 2 (tone of voice: human/organizational) × 2 (source: public relations executive/private citizen) × 2 (crisis response: defensive/accommodative) mixed experimental design. Results indicate that first-person voice and personal narratives increased perceptions of social presence and interactivity in online communication. These perceptions subsequently resulted in positive post-crisis outcomes, such as reputation and behavioral intentions.

[1]  Assumpció Huertas,et al.  Blogging PR: An exploratory analysis of public relations weblogs , 2008 .

[2]  Andrew F. Hayes,et al.  Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research. , 2008 .

[3]  Tom Kelleher,et al.  Conversational Voice, Communicated Commitment, and Public Relations Outcomes in Interactive Online Communication , 2009 .

[4]  Marya L. Doerfel,et al.  Internet-Based Communication in Crisis Management , 2003 .

[5]  Michel M. Haigh,et al.  Examining how image restoration strategy impacts perceptions of corporate social responsibility, organization‐public relationships, and source credibility , 2010 .

[6]  Christian Homburg,et al.  Neglected Outcomes of Customer Satisfaction , 2007 .

[7]  Richard D. Waters,et al.  Engaging stakeholders through social networking: How nonprofit organizations are using Facebook , 2009 .

[8]  Emily T. Metzgar,et al.  Communicating during crisis: Use of blogs as a relationship management tool , 2007 .

[9]  David Meerman Scott,et al.  The New Rules of Marketing & PR: How to Use Social Media, Online Video, Mobile Applications, Blogs, News Releases, and Viral Marketing to Reach Buyers Directly , 2011 .

[10]  Philip Johnson,et al.  Effects of Narratives, Openness to Dialogic Communication, and Credibility on Engagement in Crisis Communication Through Organizational Blogs , 2010, Commun. Res..

[11]  D. Fortin,et al.  Interactivity and vividness effects on social presence and involvement with a web-based advertisement , 2005 .

[12]  Louisa Ha,et al.  Interactivity reexamined: A baseline analysis of early business web sites , 1998 .

[13]  Peter A. Dacin,et al.  Spreading the word: Investigating antecedents of consumers’ positive word-of-mouth intentions and behaviors in a retailing context , 2005 .

[14]  Ko de Ruyter,et al.  In stories we trust: How narrative apologies provide cover for competitive vulnerability after integrity-violating blog posts , 2010 .

[15]  W. T. Coombs,et al.  How should a company respond to a product harm crisis? The role of corporate reputation and consumer-based cues , 2006 .

[16]  C. Gunawardena Social Presence Theory and Implications for Interaction and Collaborative Learning in Computer Conferences , 1995 .

[17]  González-Herrero Alfonso,et al.  Crisis Communications Management on the Web: How Internet-Based Technologies are Changing the Way Public Relations Professionals Handle Business Crises , 2008 .

[18]  Guohua Wu,et al.  The Mediating Role of Perceived Interactivity in the Effect of Actual Interactivity on Attitude Toward the Website , 2005 .

[19]  C. Fombrun,et al.  The Reputation QuotientSM: A multi-stakeholder measure of corporate reputation , 2000 .

[20]  Kathleen Fearn-Banks Crisis Communications: A Casebook Approach , 1996 .

[21]  Robert L. Heath,et al.  Strategic Issues Management: Organizations and Public Policy Challenges , 1997 .

[22]  Yan Jin,et al.  The Blog-Mediated Crisis Communication Model: Recommendations for Responding to Influential External Blogs , 2010 .

[23]  Laura M. Arpan When in Rome? The Effects of Spokesperson Ethnicity on Audience Evaluation of Crisis Communication , 2002 .

[24]  E. Thorson,et al.  The Effects of Progressive Levels of Interactivity and Vividness in Web Marketing Sites , 2001 .

[25]  D. Gefen,et al.  Consumer trust in B2C e-Commerce and the importance of social presence: experiments in e-Products and e-Services , 2004 .

[26]  C. A. Matos,et al.  Word-of-mouth communications in marketing: a meta-analytic review of the antecedents and moderators , 2008 .

[27]  W. T. Coombs,et al.  An Analytic Framework for Crisis Situations: Better Responses From a Better Understanding of the Situation , 1998 .

[28]  Tao Wang,et al.  The Influence of Social Presence on Consumers’ Perceptions of the Interactivity of Web Sites , 2010 .

[29]  Lance A. Bettencourt,et al.  Customer voluntary performance: Customers as partners in service delivery , 1997 .

[30]  S. Chaiken,et al.  Causal inferences about communicators and their effect on opinion change , 1978 .

[31]  P. Bentler,et al.  Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives , 1999 .

[32]  Brian G. Smith Socially distributing public relations: Twitter, Haiti, and interactivity in social media , 2010 .

[33]  Filip Lievens,et al.  Investigating Web-Based Recruitment Sources: Employee Testimonials vs. Word-of-Mouse , 2007 .

[34]  Robert Scoble,et al.  Naked Conversations: How Blogs are Changing the Way Businesses Talk with Customers , 2006 .

[35]  John Short,et al.  The social psychology of telecommunications , 1976 .

[36]  Shelly Rodgers,et al.  Relationships Between Blogs as EWOM and Interactivity, Perceived Interactivity, and Parasocial Interaction , 2006 .

[37]  Donald K. Wright,et al.  An Updated Look at the Impact of Social Media on Public Relations Practice , 2009 .

[38]  Sung-Un Yang,et al.  Measuring Social Media Credibility: A Study on a Measure of Blog Credibility , 2011 .

[39]  Keri K. Stephens,et al.  New Media for Crisis Communication: Opportunities for Technical Translation, Dialogue, and Stakeholder Responses , 2010 .

[40]  Sung-Un Yang An Integrated Model for Organization—Public Relational Outcomes, Organizational Reputation, and Their Antecedents , 2007 .

[41]  Yan Jin,et al.  Making Sense Sensibly in Crisis Communication: How Publics' Crisis Appraisals Influence Their Negative Emotions, Coping Strategy Preferences, and Crisis Response Acceptance , 2010, Commun. Res..

[42]  Roobina Ohanian Construction and Validation of a Scale to Measure Celebrity Endorsers' Perceived Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness , 1990 .

[43]  Charles R. Stoner,et al.  Using framing and credibility to incorporate exercise and fitness in individuals' lifestyle , 2006 .

[44]  H. Kelley,et al.  Communication and Persuasion: Psychological Studies of Opinion Change , 1982 .

[45]  Joon Soo Lim,et al.  The Effects of Blog-Mediated Public Relations (BMPR) on Relational Trust , 2009 .

[46]  Sherry J. Holladay,et al.  Further explorations of post-crisis communication: Effects of media and response strategies on perceptions and intentions , 2009 .

[47]  Spiro Kiousis,et al.  Interactivity: a concept explication , 2002, New Media Soc..