Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy

[1]  A. Gray,et al.  Cholesterol- and blood-pressure-lowering drug use for secondary cardiovascular prevention in 2004–2013 Europe , 2017, European journal of preventive cardiology.

[2]  G. Lippi,et al.  Statins for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. , 2017, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[3]  T. Welborn,et al.  Absolute risk of cardiovascular disease events, and blood pressure‐ and lipid‐lowering therapy in Australia , 2017, The Medical journal of Australia.

[4]  K. Koh.  Letter by Koh Regarding Article, "Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Pravastatin in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: 16 Years of Follow-Up of the LIPID Study". , 2016, Circulation.

[5]  Reshma Jagsi,et al.  Can Observational Data Replace Randomized Trials? , 2016, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[6]  S. Humphries,et al.  Association of Lipid Fractions With Risks for Coronary Artery Disease and Diabetes. , 2016, JAMA cardiology.

[7]  H. Tomoda.  Perioperative Rosuvastatin in Cardiac Surgery. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[8]  M. Landray,et al.  Impact of renal function on the effects of LDL cholesterol lowering with statin-based regimens: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised trials. , 2016, The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology.

[9]  J. Tobert,et al.  The nocebo effect in the context of statin intolerance. , 2016, Journal of clinical lipidology.

[10]  K. Bhaskaran,et al.  Impact of statin related media coverage on use of statins: interrupted time series analysis with UK primary care data , 2016, British Medical Journal.

[11]  J. Lv,et al.  Effect of Statins on Kidney Disease Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. , 2016, American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation.

[12]  A. Keech,et al.  Protocol for analyses of adverse event data from randomized controlled trials of statin therapy , 2016, American heart journal.

[13]  D. Diamond,et al.  Lack of an association or an inverse association between low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality in the elderly: a systematic review , 2016, BMJ Open.

[14]  A. Keech,et al.  Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Pravastatin in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: Sixteen Years of Follow-Up of the LIPID Study , 2016, Circulation.

[15]  R. Collins,et al.  Perioperative Rosuvastatin in Cardiac Surgery. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[16]  C. Ballantyne,et al.  Efficacy and Tolerability of Evolocumab vs Ezetimibe in Patients With Muscle-Related Statin Intolerance: The GAUSS-3 Randomized Clinical Trial. , 2016, JAMA.

[17]  P. Thompson,et al.  Increased creatine kinase with statin treatment may identify statin-associated muscle symptoms. , 2016, International journal of cardiology.

[18]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Cholesterol Lowering in Intermediate-Risk Persons without Cardiovascular Disease. , 2016, The New England journal of medicine.

[19]  I. Ford,et al.  Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol With Statin Therapy , 2016, Circulation.

[20]  B. Nordestgaard,et al.  Negative statin-related news stories decrease statin persistence and increase myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality: a nationwide prospective cohort study. , 2016, European heart journal.

[21]  I. Komuro,et al.  Rationale and Design of the Standard Versus Intensive Statin Therapy for Hypercholesterolemic Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy (EMPATHY) Study: a Randomized Controlled Trial. , 2016, Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

[22]  J. Schildcrout,et al.  High-Dose Perioperative Atorvastatin and Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial. , 2016, JAMA.

[23]  S. King.  "Real-World Evidence?": Get Real! , 2016, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[24]  J. Tobert,et al.  Statin tolerability: In defence of placebo-controlled trials , 2015, European journal of preventive cardiology.

[25]  I. Ford,et al.  Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol With Statin Therapy 20-Year Follow-Up of West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study , 2016 .

[26]  M. Landray,et al.  Impact of renal function on the effects of reducing LDL cholesterol with statin-based regimens: meta-analysis of individual data from 28 randomised trials. , 2016 .

[27]  G. Hitman,et al.  Effect of atorvastatin on glycaemia progression in patients with diabetes: an analysis from the Collaborative Atorvastatin in Diabetes Trial (CARDS) , 2015, Diabetologia.

[28]  H. Soran,et al.  Cholesterol, not just cardiovascular risk, is important in deciding who should receive statin treatment. , 2015, European heart journal.

[29]  C. Cannon,et al.  Efficacy and safety of alirocumab vs ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients, with a statin rechallenge arm: The ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE randomized trial. , 2015, Journal of clinical lipidology.

[30]  H. White,et al.  Statin Effects on Aggression: Results from the UCSD Statin Study, a Randomized Control Trial , 2015, PloS one.

[31]  Phil Edwards,et al.  The knowledge system underpinning healthcare is not fit for purpose and must change , 2015, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[32]  J. Manson,et al.  Breast Cancer After Use of Estrogen Plus Progestin and Estrogen Alone: Analyses of Data From 2 Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trials. , 2015, JAMA oncology.

[33]  E. Banks,et al.  The crux of the matter: Did the ABC's Catalyst program change statin use in Australia? , 2015, The Medical journal of Australia.

[34]  J. Spence.  Statins and cataracts: reverse causality? , 2015, The Canadian journal of cardiology.

[35]  P. Steg,et al.  Spectral contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography for diagnosis of acute myocarditis. , 2015, The Canadian journal of cardiology.

[36]  Barry J. Davis,et al.  Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174 000 participants in 27 randomised trials , 2015, The Lancet.

[37]  O. Franco,et al.  Mendelian Randomization Causal Analysis LDL cholesterol still a problem in old age? A Mendelian randomization study , 2015 .

[38]  R. Hegele,et al.  Cardiology patient page. Statin intolerance. , 2015, Circulation.

[39]  J. Kastelein,et al.  Association between familial hypercholesterolemia and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2015, JAMA.

[40]  Jonathan A Tobert,et al.  Statin intolerance: reconciling clinical trials and clinical experience. , 2015, JAMA.

[41]  D. Diamond,et al.  How statistical deception created the appearance that statins are safe and effective in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease , 2015, Expert review of clinical pharmacology.

[42]  T. Hamazaki,et al.  Statins stimulate atherosclerosis and heart failure: pharmacological mechanisms , 2015, Expert review of clinical pharmacology.

[43]  Lawrence A Leiter,et al.  Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy—European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management , 2015, European heart journal.

[44]  P. Thompson,et al.  A randomized trial of coenzyme Q10 in patients with confirmed statin myopathy. , 2015, Atherosclerosis.

[45]  Hynek Pikhart,et al.  HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibition, type 2 diabetes, and bodyweight: evidence from genetic analysis and randomised trials , 2015, The Lancet.

[46]  S. Capewell,et al.  Maximising the benefits and minimising the harms of statins , 2015 .

[47]  Cholesterol Treatment Trialists.  Effi cacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174 000 participants in 27 randomised trials , 2015 .

[48]  I. Roberts,et al.  Blood pressure lowering and cardiovascular risk , 2014, The Lancet.

[49]  G. Perkins,et al.  Simvastatin in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[50]  Oladimeji Akinboro,et al.  N-of-1 (Single-Patient) Trials for Statin-Related Myalgia , 2014, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[51]  I. Roberts,et al.  Applying results from clinical trials: tranexamic acid in trauma patients , 2014, Journal of Intensive Care.

[52]  R. Collins,et al.  Misrepresentation of statin safety evidence , 2014, The Lancet.

[53]  L Gong,et al.  The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for SLCO1B1 and Simvastatin‐Induced Myopathy: 2014 Update , 2014, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[54]  J. Borén,et al.  Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society , 2014, Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi arsivi : Turk Kardiyoloji Derneginin yayin organidir.

[55]  Sarah Parish,et al.  Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[56]  Seth S Martin,et al.  Non-cardiovascular effects associated with statins , 2014, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[57]  J. Fleg,et al.  Safety profile of extended-release niacin in the AIM-HIGH trial. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[58]  K. McPherson.  Concerns about the latest NICE draft guidance on statins , 2014, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[59]  G. Davey Smith,et al.  Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies , 2014, Human molecular genetics.

[60]  P. Thompson,et al.  A systematic review of statin-induced muscle problems in clinical trials. , 2014, American heart journal.

[61]  Jennifer G. Robinson,et al.  2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2014, Circulation.

[62]  I. Douglas,et al.  Rosuvastatin for sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[63]  Meilan K. Han,et al.  Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-severe COPD. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[64]  F. Godlee.  Adverse effects of statins , 2014, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[65]  D. Rader,et al.  Statins and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review†∗ , 2014 .

[66]  Ananda Sen,et al.  Cardiovascular Risk and Statin Use in the United States , 2014, The Annals of Family Medicine.

[67]  S. Grundy,et al.  An assessment by the Statin Intolerance Panel: 2014 update. , 2014, Journal of clinical lipidology.

[68]  R. Rosenson,et al.  An assessment by the Statin Muscle Safety Task Force: 2014 update. , 2014, Journal of clinical lipidology.

[69]  M. Landray,et al.  Effects of lowering LDL cholesterol on progression of kidney disease. , 2014, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[70]  Jbs Board.  Joint British Societies’ consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3) , 2014, Heart.

[71]  Shah Ebrahim,et al.  Unintended effects of statins from observational studies in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis , 2014, BMC Medicine.

[72]  Ben Goldacre,et al.  What proportion of symptomatic side effects in patients taking statins are genuinely caused by the drug? Systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials to aid individual patient choice , 2014, European journal of preventive cardiology.

[73]  D. Trivedi,et al.  Simvastatin improves the sexual health-related quality of life in men aged 40 years and over with erectile dysfunction: additional data from the erectile dysfunction and statin trial , 2014, BMC Urology.

[74]  N. Wong.  Faculty Opinions recommendation of 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2014 .

[75]  N. Jewell,et al.  Authors’ reply to Huffman and colleagues , 2014, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[76]  A. Tonkin.  Faculty Opinions recommendation of Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. , 2014 .

[77]  Peter Diem,et al.  Role of diuretics, β blockers, and statins in increasing the risk of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: reanalysis of data from the NAVIGATOR study , 2014, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[78]  D. Madigan,et al.  A Systematic Statistical Approach to Evaluating Evidence from Observational Studies , 2014 .

[79]  J. Hallas,et al.  Are users of lipid-lowering drugs at increased risk of peripheral neuropathy? , 2001, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.

[80]  T. Hunt.  Concerns about the latest NICE draft guidance on statins , 2014 .

[81]  J. Kestle.  Clinical Trials , 2014, World Journal of Surgery.

[82]  G. Batist,et al.  Use of statins and the risk of death in patients with prostate cancer. , 2014, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[83]  Robyn H. Guymer,et al.  Proof of Concept, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Effect of Simvastatin on the Course of Age-Related Macular Degeneration , 2013, PloS one.

[84]  Peter Diem,et al.  Role of diuretics, β blockers, and statins in increasing the risk of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: reanalysis of data from the NAVIGATOR study , 2013, BMJ.

[85]  L. Smeeth,et al.  Dangers of non-specific composite outcome measures in clinical trials , 2013, BMJ.

[86]  M. Blaha,et al.  Statins and cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of short- and long-term cognitive effects. , 2013, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[87]  N. Jewell,et al.  Should people at low risk of cardiovascular disease take a statin? , 2013, BMJ.

[88]  Aseem Malhotra,et al.  Saturated fat is not the major issue , 2013, BMJ.

[89]  D. Francis,et al.  Systematic review of genuine versus spurious side-effects of beta-blockers in heart failure using placebo control: Recommendations for patient information☆☆☆ , 2013, International journal of cardiology.

[90]  Lewis H Kuller,et al.  Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. , 2013, JAMA.

[91]  H. Comber,et al.  Long-Term Effects of Statin Treatment in Elderly People: Extended Follow-Up of the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) , 2013, PloS one.

[92]  J. Plutzky,et al.  Discontinuation of Statin in Routine Care Settings: A Cohort Study , 2013 .

[93]  M. Petri,et al.  Predictors of self-reported health-related quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus. , 2013, Rheumatology.

[94]  D. E. Mathis,et al.  Long‐Term Follow‐Up of Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Hypertensive Patients Following Randomization to Pravastatin vs Usual Care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid‐Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT‐LLT) , 2013, Journal of clinical hypertension.

[95]  J. Gallacher,et al.  Why representativeness should be avoided. , 2013, International journal of epidemiology.

[96]  Axel Börsch-Supan,et al.  Data Resource Profile: the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). , 2013, International journal of epidemiology.

[97]  M. Pugh,et al.  Statins and musculoskeletal conditions, arthropathies, and injuries. , 2013, JAMA internal medicine.

[98]  Stacey A. Kenfield,et al.  Fat intake after diagnosis and risk of lethal prostate cancer and all-cause mortality. , 2013, JAMA internal medicine.

[99]  C. Sudlow,et al.  Epidemiology of stroke and its subtypes in Chinese vs white populations , 2013, Neurology.

[100]  K. Petrie,et al.  The nocebo effect: patient expectations and medication side effects , 2013, Postgraduate Medical Journal.

[101]  Huseyin Naci,et al.  Comparative Tolerability and Harms of Individual Statins: A Study-Level Network Meta-Analysis of 246 955 Participants From 135 Randomized, Controlled Trials , 2013, Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes.

[102]  E. Mortensen,et al.  The controversy of a wider statin utilization: why? , 2013, Expert opinion on drug safety.

[103]  A. Garg,et al.  Use of high potency statins and rates of admission for acute kidney injury: multicenter, retrospective observational analysis of administrative databases , 2013, BMJ.

[104]  J. B. Layton,et al.  Effect of statin use on acute kidney injury risk following coronary artery bypass grafting. , 2013, The American journal of cardiology.

[105]  M. Landray,et al.  HPS2-THRIVE randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 673 high-risk patients of ER niacin/laropiprant: trial design, pre-specified muscle and liver outcomes, and reasons for stopping study treatment , 2013, European heart journal.

[106]  Shah Ebrahim,et al.  Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (Review) , 2011 .

[107]  P. Erwin,et al.  The Role of Statins in Prevention and Treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2013, PloS one.

[108]  P. Thompson,et al.  Effect of Statins on Skeletal Muscle Function , 2012, Circulation.

[109]  Jemma C. Hopewell,et al.  Impact of common genetic variation on response to simvastatin therapy among 18 705 participants in the Heart Protection Study , 2012, European heart journal.

[110]  Roosevelt Drive.  Eff ects on 11-year mortality and morbidity of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin for about 5 years in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised controlled trial , 2013 .

[111]  H. Naci,et al.  Comparative Tolerability and Harms of Individual Statins , 2013 .

[112]  K. Williams,et al.  Effect of long-term exposure to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol beginning early in life on the risk of coronary heart disease: a Mendelian randomization analysis. , 2012, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[113]  K. Sanderson,et al.  The impact of statins on psychological wellbeing: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2012, BMC Medicine.

[114]  S. Bojesen,et al.  Statin use and reduced cancer-related mortality. , 2012, The New England journal of medicine.

[115]  M. Carroll,et al.  Trends in lipids and lipoproteins in US adults, 1988-2010. , 2012, JAMA.

[116]  K. Schulz,et al.  False alarms and pseudo-epidemics: the limitations of observational epidemiology. , 2012, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[117]  J. McMurray,et al.  Effect of Statins on Venous Thromboembolic Events: A Meta-analysis of Published and Unpublished Evidence from Randomised Controlled Trials , 2012, PLoS medicine.

[118]  P. Ridker,et al.  Lipid-modifying therapies and risk of pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. , 2012, JAMA.

[119]  P. Libby,et al.  Cardiovascular benefits and diabetes risks of statin therapy in primary prevention: an analysis from the JUPITER trial , 2012, The Lancet.

[120]  R. Collins,et al.  The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. , 2012, Lancet.

[121]  R. Collins,et al.  The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials , 2012, The Lancet.

[122]  D. Wald,et al.  Randomized Polypill Crossover Trial in People Aged 50 and Over , 2012, PloS one.

[123]  Tatjana Rundek,et al.  Statin therapy in the prevention of recurrent cardiovascular events: a sex-based meta-analysis. , 2012, Archives of internal medicine.

[124]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Designing and Analyzing Clinical Trials with Composite Outcomes: Consideration of Possible Treatment Differences between the Individual Outcomes , 2012, PloS one.

[125]  Mitchell H Katz,et al.  Healthy men should not take statins. , 2012, JAMA.

[126]  Gordon H Guyatt,et al.  Credibility of claims of subgroup effects in randomised controlled trials: systematic review , 2012, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[127]  Suzanne G. Leveille,et al.  Statin use and musculoskeletal pain among adults with and without arthritis. , 2012, The American journal of medicine.

[128]  Evangelos Kalaitzakis,et al.  Hepatotoxicity associated with statins: reports of idiosyncratic liver injury post-marketing. , 2012, Journal of hepatology.

[129]  J. Manson,et al.  Statin use and risk of diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative. , 2012, Archives of internal medicine.

[130]  John Simes,et al.  Lack of Effect of Lowering LDL Cholesterol on Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Individual Data from 175,000 People in 27 Randomised Trials of Statin Therapy , 2012, PloS one.

[131]  Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaborato.  The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials , 2012 .

[132]  R. Collins,et al.  Prevention of Coronary and Stroke Events with Atorvastatin in Hypertensive Patients who have Average or Lower-than-Average Cholesterol Concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial— Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial , 2012, Drugs.

[133]  J. Breslow,et al.  Needed: pragmatic clinical trials for statin-intolerant patients. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[134]  R. Collins,et al.  Effects on 11-year mortality and morbidity of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin for about 5 years in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised controlled trial , 2011 .

[135]  Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group.  Effects on 11-year mortality and morbidity of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin for about 5 years in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised controlled trial , 2011, The Lancet.

[136]  J. Vandenbroucke.  Why do the results of randomised and observational studies differ? , 2011, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[137]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Use of secondary prevention drugs for cardiovascular disease in the community in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (the PURE Study): a prospective epidemiological survey , 2011, The Lancet.

[138]  N. Poulter,et al.  The Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial: 11-year mortality follow-up of the lipid-lowering arm in the U.K. , 2011, European heart journal.

[139]  M. Sano,et al.  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of simvastatin to treat Alzheimer disease , 2011, Neurology.

[140]  Paul Welsh,et al.  Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. , 2011, JAMA.

[141]  G. Bernard,et al.  Prehospital statin and aspirin use and the prevalence of severe sepsis and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome* , 2011, Critical care medicine.

[142]  E. Spatz,et al.  Statin myopathy: A common dilemma not reflected in clinical trials , 2011, Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine.

[143]  Paul M Ridker,et al.  Cardiovascular event reduction and adverse events among subjects attaining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <50 mg/dl with rosuvastatin. The JUPITER trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin). , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[144]  P. Barter,et al.  Predictors of new-onset diabetes in patients treated with atorvastatin: results from 3 large randomized clinical trials. , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[145]  P. Macfarlane,et al.  Effect of statins on atrial fibrillation: collaborative meta-analysis of published and unpublished evidence from randomised controlled trials , 2011, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[146]  A. Holbrook,et al.  Statin-associated rhabdomyolysis: is there a dose-response relationship? , 2011, The Canadian journal of cardiology.

[147]  M. Kuskowski,et al.  Dose-dependent effect of statins on the incidence of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. , 2011, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[148]  K. Schulz,et al.  Nonspecific side effects of oral contraceptives: nocebo or noise? , 2011, Contraception.

[149]  E. Akl,et al.  Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials. , 2011, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[150]  Alexander Turchin,et al.  Structured vs. unstructured: factors affecting adverse drug reaction documentation in an EMR repository. , 2011, AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium.

[151]  M. Kuskowski,et al.  Abstract 9039: Dose Dependent Effect of Statins on the Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery , 2010 .

[152]  M. Gnant,et al.  Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials , 2010 .

[153]  R. Collins,et al.  Intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol with 80 mg versus 20 mg simvastatin daily in 12,064 survivors of myocardial infarction: a double-blind randomised trial. , 2010, Lancet.

[154]  R. Collins,et al.  Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials , 2010, The Lancet.

[155]  R. Collins,et al.  Intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol with 80 mg versus 20 mg simvastatin daily in 12 064 survivors of myocardial infarction: a double-blind randomised trial , 2010, The Lancet.

[156]  K. Christensen,et al.  Lipid-lowering treatment to the end? A review of observational studies and RCTs on cholesterol and mortality in 80+-year olds. , 2010, Age and ageing.

[157]  R. Collins,et al.  Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: Meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37 485 individuals. , 2010, Archives of internal medicine.

[158]  A. Wallace,et al.  30-year trends in serum lipids among United States adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys II, III, and 1999-2006. , 2010, The American journal of cardiology.

[159]  N. Smedira,et al.  Preoperative Statin Therapy Is Not Associated with a Reduced Incidence of Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery , 2010, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[160]  J. Danesh,et al.  Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. , 2010, Lancet.

[161]  The Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration.  Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies , 2010, The Lancet.

[162]  J. Rassen,et al.  Confounding Control in Healthcare Database Research: Challenges and Potential Approaches , 2010, Medical care.

[163]  Carol Coupland,et al.  Unintended effects of statins in men and women in England and Wales: population based cohort study using the QResearch database , 2010, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[164]  J. Liao,et al.  Pleiotropic effects of statins. - Basic research and clinical perspectives -. , 2010, Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society.

[165]  Yasuo Ohashi,et al.  Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials , 2010, The Lancet.

[166]  M. Chiariello,et al.  Impact of gender in primary prevention of coronary heart disease with statin therapy: a meta-analysis. , 2010, International journal of cardiology.

[167]  T. Pedersen.  Pleiotropic Effects of Statins , 2010, American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions.

[168]  Timothy L Lash,et al.  A most stubborn bias: no adjustment method fully resolves confounding by indication in observational studies. , 2010, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[169]  J. Danesh,et al.  Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. , 2009, JAMA.

[170]  M. Etminan,et al.  Statins in COPD: a systematic review. , 2009, Chest.

[171]  E. Banks,et al.  Invited Commentary: Hormone therapy risks and benefits--The Women's Health Initiative findings and the postmenopausal estrogen timing hypothesis. , 2009, American Journal of Epidemiology.

[172]  Lewis H Kuller,et al.  Benefits and risks of postmenopausal hormone therapy when it is initiated soon after menopause. , 2009, American journal of epidemiology.

[173]  A. Anzueto,et al.  Impact of statins and ACE inhibitors on mortality after COPD exacerbations , 2009, Respiratory research.

[174]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Evaluating the benefit of event adjudication of cardiovascular outcomes in large simple RCTs , 2009, Clinical trials.

[175]  L. Lynd,et al.  Inadequate statistical power to detect clinically significant differences in adverse event rates in randomized controlled trials. , 2009, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[176]  R. Collins,et al.  Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. , 2009, Lancet.

[177]  R. Collins,et al.  Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials , 2009, The Lancet.

[178]  P. Libby,et al.  A randomized trial of rosuvastatin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[179]  Jan P Vandenbroucke,et al.  The HRT controversy: observational studies and RCTs fall in line , 2009, The Lancet.

[180]  R. Collins,et al.  Effects of simvastatin 40 mg daily on muscle and liver adverse effects in a 5-year randomized placebo-controlled trial in 20,536 high-risk people , 2009, BMC clinical pharmacology.

[181]  M. Rawlins.  De testimonio: on the evidence for decisions about the use of therapeutic interventions , 2008, The Lancet.

[182]  M. H. Group.  Effects of simvastatin 40 mg daily on muscle and liver adverse effects in a 5-year randomized placebo-controlled trial in 20,536 high-risk people , 2009 .

[183]  Biomed Programme.  Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials , 2009 .

[184]  P. Macfarlane,et al.  Pravastatin and cognitive function in the elderly. Results of the PROSPER study , 2009, Journal of Neurology.

[185]  P. Libby,et al.  Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[186]  A. Hill,et al.  Prior statin use is associated with improved outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia. , 2008, The American journal of medicine.

[187]  James M. Robins,et al.  Observational Studies Analyzed Like Randomized Experiments: An Application to Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Coronary Heart Disease , 2008, Epidemiology.

[188]  M. Wallander,et al.  The safety of rosuvastatin in comparison with other statins in over 100 000 statin users in UK primary care , 2008, Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety.

[189]  R. Hayward,et al.  Beyond the Randomized Clinical Trial the Role of Effectiveness Studies in Evaluating Cardiovascular Therapies the Achilles' Heel of Rcts Key Issues in Outcomes Research , 2022 .

[190]  V. Debari,et al.  Statins may reduce episodes of exacerbation and the requirement for intubation in patients with COPD: evidence from a retrospective cohort study , 2008, International journal of clinical practice.

[191]  G. Hitman,et al.  The safety and tolerability of atorvastatin 10 mg in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) , 2008, Diabetes & vascular disease research.

[192]  R. Collins,et al.  SLCO1B1 variants and statin-induced myopathy--a genomewide study. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[193]  Zhigang Duan,et al.  Limits of observational data in determining outcomes from cancer therapy , 2008, Cancer.

[194]  Angela Cooper,et al.  Risk assessment and lipid modification for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: summary of NICE guidance , 2008, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[195]  Suzanne G. Leveille,et al.  Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Pain and Statin Use , 2008, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[196]  Jan P Vandenbroucke,et al.  Observational Research, Randomised Trials, and Two Views of Medical Science , 2008, PLoS medicine.

[197]  C. Cannon,et al.  Effect of statin dose on incidence of atrial fibrillation: data from the Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) and Aggrastat to Zocor (A to Z) trials. , 2008, American heart journal.

[198]  Honglin Song,et al.  Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies , 2008, European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology.

[199]  E. Fisher,et al.  Rapid regression of atherosclerosis: insights from the clinical and experimental literature , 2008, Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine.

[200]  Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaborators.  Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18 686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis , 2008, The Lancet.

[201]  R Peto,et al.  Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. , 2008, Lancet.

[202]  J. Robson,et al.  Lipid modification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease , 2007, Heart.

[203]  Amit X Garg,et al.  Systematic review and meta-analysis: when one study is just not enough. , 2008, Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN.

[204]  A D Oxman,et al.  Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials. , 2011, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[205]  R. Collins,et al.  Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55 000 vascular deaths , 2007, The Lancet.

[206]  J. Armitage,et al.  The safety of statins in clinical practice , 2007, The Lancet.

[207]  Jonathan A C Sterne,et al.  The impact of residual and unmeasured confounding in epidemiologic studies: a simulation study. , 2007, American journal of epidemiology.

[208]  E. Barrett-Connor.  Hormones and heart disease in women: the timing hypothesis. , 2007, American journal of epidemiology.

[209]  Kieran Sweeney,et al.  Preventive health care in elderly people needs rethinking , 2007, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[210]  T. Kooistra,et al.  Mouse models for atherosclerosis and pharmaceutical modifiers. , 2007, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[211]  Paul Glasziou,et al.  When are randomised trials unnecessary? Picking signal from noise , 2007, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[212]  C. Michael White,et al.  Impact of gender on statin efficacy , 2007, Current medical research and opinion.

[213]  J. Abramson,et al.  Are lipid-lowering guidelines evidence-based? , 2007, The Lancet.

[214]  J. Farmer.  High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. , 2007, Current atherosclerosis reports.

[215]  H. White,et al.  Abstract 1501: Do Low Dose Statins Affect Cognition? Results of the UCSD Statin Study , 2006 .

[216]  R. Hubbard,et al.  Commentary: we still need observational studies of drugs--they just need to be better. , 2006, International journal of epidemiology.

[217]  M. Hennerici,et al.  High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[218]  A. Hoes,et al.  Statin treatment and reduced risk of pneumonia in patients with diabetes , 2006, Thorax.

[219]  D. Lawlor,et al.  Serum cholesterol, haemorrhagic stroke, ischaemic stroke, and myocardial infarction: Korean national health system prospective cohort study , 2006, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[220]  Harlan M Krumholz,et al.  Withdrawn: P68 , 2006 .

[221]  Alicja R Rudnicka,et al.  Statin safety: a systematic review. , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.

[222]  L. Brass,et al.  An assessment of statin safety by neurologists. , 2006, American Journal of Cardiology.

[223]  N. Chalasani,et al.  An assessment of statin safety by hepatologists. , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.

[224]  J. Mckenney,et al.  Final conclusions and recommendations of the National Lipid Association Statin Safety Assessment Task Force. , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.

[225]  Garnet L Anderson,et al.  Combined analysis of Women's Health Initiative observational and clinical trial data on postmenopausal hormone treatment and cardiovascular disease. , 2006, American journal of epidemiology.

[226]  P. Sorlie,et al.  Trends in Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins of Adults 1960-2002 , 2006 .

[227]  J. Avorn,et al.  Medication-attributed adverse effects in placebo groups: implications for assessment of adverse effects. , 2006, Archives of internal medicine.

[228]  Y. Tsujita,et al.  Hypolipidemic effects in monkeys of ML-236B, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase , 1979, Lipids.

[229]  G. Moneta.  Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20 536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions Heart , 2022 .

[230]  A. Hartmann,et al.  Long‐term Cardiac Outcomes in Renal Transplant Recipients Receiving Fluvastatin: The ALERT Extension Study , 2005, American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

[231]  E. Bruckert,et al.  Mild to Moderate Muscular Symptoms with High-Dosage Statin Therapy in Hyperlipidemic Patients —The PRIMO Study , 2005, Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy.

[232]  P. Sorlie,et al.  Trends in serum lipids and lipoproteins of adults, 1960-2002. , 2005, JAMA.

[233]  R. Collins,et al.  Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins , 2005, The Lancet.

[234]  H. Welch,et al.  Statins and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[235]  Ross L Prentice,et al.  Combined postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease: toward resolving the discrepancy between observational studies and the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial. , 2005, American journal of epidemiology.

[236]  Jack Cuzick,et al.  Forest plots and the interpretation of subgroups , 2005, The Lancet.

[237]  J. Avorn,et al.  A review of uses of health care utilization databases for epidemiologic research on therapeutics. , 2005, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[238]  P. Rothwell,et al.  External validity of randomised controlled trials: “To whom do the results of this trial apply?” , 2005, The Lancet.

[239]  G. Thorgeirsson,et al.  Mortality and incidence of cancer during 10-year follow-up of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) , 2004, The Lancet.

[240]  R. Madhok,et al.  Trial of Atorvastatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis (TARA): double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial , 2004, The Lancet.

[241]  Henk-Jan Guchelaar,et al.  The risk of cancer in users of statins. , 2004, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[242]  D. Lawlor,et al.  Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence? , 2004, The Lancet.

[243]  Jan P Vandenbroucke,et al.  When are observational studies as credible as randomised trials? , 2004, The Lancet.

[244]  M. Pignone,et al.  Drug treatment of hyperlipidemia in women. , 2004, JAMA.

[245]  John Robbins,et al.  National cross sectional survey to determine whether the decision to delivery interval is critical in emergency caesarean section , 2004, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[246]  B. Golomb,et al.  Severe irritability associated with statin cholesterol-lowering drugs. , 2004, QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians.

[247]  Joel E Dimsdale,et al.  The UCSD Statin Study: a randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of statins on selected noncardiac outcomes. , 2004, Controlled clinical trials.

[248]  R. Collins,et al.  Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20 536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions , 2004, The Lancet.

[249]  Sonia S Anand.  Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. BMJ 2003; 326: 1407-408. , 2003, Vascular medicine.

[250]  P. Crosignani.  Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. , 2003, Maturitas.

[251]  Mark Garton,et al.  Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy: the Million Women Study , 2003, The Lancet.

[252]  Mark A. Creager,et al.  Cholesterol Reduction With Atorvastatin Improves Walking Distance in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease , 2003, Circulation.

[253]  F. Song,et al.  Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies. , 2003, Health technology assessment.

[254]  Valerie Beral,et al.  Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study , 2003, The Lancet.

[255]  Mark Woodward,et al.  Cholesterol, coronary heart disease, and stroke in the Asia Pacific region. , 2003, International journal of epidemiology.

[256]  J. Tobert,et al.  Lovastatin and beyond: the history of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors , 2003, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[257]  N J Wald,et al.  Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[258]  E. Topol,et al.  Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials , 2003, The Lancet.

[259]  R. Collins,et al.  Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial , 2003, The Lancet.

[260]  V. Beral,et al.  Patterns of use of hormone replacement therapy in one million women in Britain, 1996–2000 , 2002, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[261]  P. Macfarlane,et al.  Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial , 2002, The Lancet.

[262]  P. Macfarlane,et al.  Testing cognitive function in elderly populations: the PROSPER study , 2002, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[263]  H. White,et al.  Cholesterol‐lowering therapy with pravastatin in patients with average cholesterol levels and established ischaemic heart disease: is it cost‐effective? , 2002, The Medical journal of Australia.

[264]  D. Lester.  Serum cholesterol levels and suicide: a meta-analysis. , 2002, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[265]  Charles Kooperberg,et al.  Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. , 2002, JAMA.

[266]  AndrewJ. S. Coats.  MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebocontrolled trial , 2002, The Lancet.

[267]  Stephen B. Hulley,et al.  Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy : Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Study fellow-up (HERS II) , 2002 .

[268]  Deborah Grady,et al.  Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). , 2002, JAMA.

[269]  J. Hallas,et al.  Statins and risk of polyneuropathy: A case-control study , 2002, Neurology.

[270]  Kenneth F Schulz,et al.  Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what , 2002, The Lancet.

[271]  A. Barsky,et al.  Nonspecific medication side effects and the nocebo phenomenon. , 2002, JAMA.

[272]  K. Schulz,et al.  Bias and causal associations in observational research , 2002, The Lancet.

[273]  S. Yusuf.  MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Commentary , 2002 .

[274]  H. Kulbertus,et al.  [The PROSPER Study (PROspective study of pravastatin in the elderly at risk)]. , 2002, Revue medicale de Liege.

[275]  D G Altman,et al.  Concealing treatment allocation in randomised trials , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[276]  K. Yano,et al.  Cholesterol and all-cause mortality in elderly people from the Honolulu Heart Program: a cohort study , 2001, The Lancet.

[277]  K. Schenck-Gustafsson,et al.  Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. , 2001, Circulation.

[278]  Stephen MacMahon,et al.  Reliable assessment of the effects of treatment on mortality and major morbidity, II: observational studies , 2001, The Lancet.

[279]  R. Collins,et al.  Reliable assessment of the effects of treatment on mortality and major morbidity, I: clinical trials , 2001, The Lancet.

[280]  B. Hoogwerf,et al.  Long-Term Effects on Clinical Outcomes of Aggressive Lowering of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Low-Dose Anticoagulation in the Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial , 2000 .

[281]  S J Pocock,et al.  Randomized trials or observational tribulations? , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[282]  S. Assmann,et al.  Subgroup analysis and other (mis)uses of baseline data in clinical trials , 2000, The Lancet.

[283]  G. Albers.  Choice of endpoints in antiplatelet trials , 2000, Neurology.

[284]  J. Rossouw.  Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease. , 1999, Current opinion in lipidology.

[285]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  Pooling research results: benefits and limitations of meta-analysis. , 1999, The Joint Commission journal on quality improvement.

[286]  L. Smeeth,et al.  Numbers needed to treat derived from meta-analyses—sometimes informative, usually misleading , 1999, BMJ.

[287]  Douglas G Altman,et al.  Treatment allocation in controlled trials: why randomise? , 1999, BMJ.

[288]  R. Temple.  Meta-analysis and epidemiologic studies in drug development and postmarketing surveillance. , 1999, JAMA.

[289]  S Hulley,et al.  Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. , 1998, JAMA.

[290]  A. Prentice,et al.  The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over , 1998 .

[291]  A. Feinstein,et al.  Problems in the "evidence" of "evidence-based medicine". , 1997, The American journal of medicine.

[292]  G. Smith,et al.  Meta-analysis: Potentials and promise , 1997, BMJ.

[293]  N Segnan,et al.  Adjusting for non-compliance and contamination in randomized clinical trials. , 1997, Statistics in medicine.

[294]  R. Collins,et al.  Effects of calcium antagonists on the risks of coronary heart disease, cancer and bleeding , 1997, Journal of Human Hypertension.

[295]  N. Santanello,et al.  Effect of Pharmacologic Lipid Lowering on Health‐Related Quality of Life in Older Persons: Results from the Cholesterol Reduction in Seniors Program (CRISP) Pilot Study , 1997, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[296]  Effects of calcium antagonists on the risks of coronary heart disease, cancer and bleeding. Ad Hoc Subcommittee of the Liaison Committee of the World Health Organisation and the International Society of Hypertension. , 1997, Journal of hypertension.

[297]  G. Thorgeirsson,et al.  Safety and tolerability of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin during 5 years in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. , 1996, Archives of internal medicine.

[298]  B. Davis,et al.  The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[299]  N. Black.  Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care , 1996, BMJ.

[300]  R. Collins,et al.  Absence of effect of simvastatin on the progression of lens opacities in a randomised placebo controlled study. Oxford Cholesterol Study Group. , 1995, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[301]  G. Omenn,et al.  A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. , 1995, JAMA.

[302]  W C Willett,et al.  Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[303]  M. Pfeffer,et al.  Protocol for a prospective collaborative overview of all current and planned randomized trials of cholesterol treatment regimens. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. , 1995, The American journal of cardiology.

[304]  M. Law,et al.  Assessing possible hazards of reducing serum cholesterol , 1994, BMJ.

[305]  N J Wald,et al.  By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? , 1994, BMJ.

[306]  D. Gordon,et al.  Cholesterol lowering in the elderly. Results of the Cholesterol Reduction in Seniors Program (CRISP) pilot study. , 1994, Archives of internal medicine.

[307]  N. Santanello,et al.  HMG CoA reductase inhibitors and quality of life. , 1993, JAMA.

[308]  Caroline S. Fox,et al.  Hormone Therapy To Prevent Disease and Prolong Life in Postmenopausal Women , 1992, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[309]  U. Ravnskov,et al.  Cholesterol lowering trials in coronary heart disease: frequency of citation and outcome. , 1992, BMJ.

[310]  G. Davey Smith,et al.  Should there be a moratorium on the use of cholesterol lowering drugs? , 1992, BMJ.

[311]  G A Colditz,et al.  Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. , 2004, Preventive medicine.

[312]  N. Cook,et al.  Estimating the effect of the run-in on the power of the Physicians' Health Study. , 1991, Statistics in medicine.

[313]  R Peto,et al.  Serum cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease in population with low cholesterol concentrations. , 1991, BMJ.

[314]  J. Wittes,et al.  Analysis and interpretation of treatment effects in subgroups of patients in randomized clinical trials. , 1991, JAMA.

[315]  J. Vandenbroucke.  Postmenopausal oestrogen and cardioprotection , 1991, The Lancet.

[316]  T. Meade,et al.  Hormone replacement therapy in general practice: a survey of doctors in the MRC's general practice research framework. , 1991, BMJ.

[317]  R. Nicolosi,et al.  Rice bran oil lowers serum total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apo B levels in nonhuman primates. , 1991, Atherosclerosis.

[318]  D P Byar,et al.  Problems with using observational databases to compare treatments. , 1991, Statistics in medicine.

[319]  H. Taylor,et al.  Expanded clinical evaluation of lovastatin (EXCEL) study results. II. Assessment of the human lens after 48 weeks of treatment with lovastatin. , 1991, The American journal of cardiology.

[320]  G. Colditz,et al.  Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: A quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence☆☆☆ , 1991 .

[321]  A. Phillips,et al.  How independent are "independent" effects? Relative risk estimation when correlated exposures are measured imprecisely. , 1991, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[322]  K. Matthews,et al.  Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: a quantitative review of primary prevention trials. , 1990, BMJ.

[323]  D. Jacobs,et al.  Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. , 1989, The New England journal of medicine.

[324]  R Collins,et al.  Avoidance of large biases and large random errors in the assessment of moderate treatment effects: the need for systematic overviews. , 1987, Statistics in medicine.

[325]  R Peto,et al.  Why do we need some large, simple randomized trials? , 1984, Statistics in medicine.

[326]  P. Armitage,et al.  Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. I. Introduction and design. , 1976, British Journal of Cancer.

[327]  S. Jasko,et al.  Therapy , 1881, The American journal of dental science.