A COGNITIVE BASIS FOR AUTOMATED TARGET RECOGNITION INTERFACE DESIGN

Abstract : The successful introduction of automated target recognition systems into combat environments will depend on how well they interface with the knowledge and processing strategies utilized by human operators. The goal of the present research is to investigate cognitive issues in human recognition performance, and to explore their implications for human interaction with automated recognition devices. Theoretical background, specific hypotheses, and a plan of experimental research are laid out in four areas: Stages of visual processing and implications for the display of visual and non-visual data; favored levels of generality/specificity in verbal categorization and implications for the display of ATR classification conclusions; reasoning with mental models and implications for the display of uncertain ATR conclusions; and strategies for verifying recognitional conclusions and implications for the display of prompts and data under uncertainty. The products of the planned research will include empirically supported general design principles for ATR-human interfaces, and a set of specific ATR interface designs. (AN)

[1]  tephen E. Palmer.  The effects of contextual scenes on the identification of objects , 1975, Memory & cognition.

[2]  R. Duncan Luce,et al.  Individual Choice Behavior , 1959 .

[3]  Theresa M. Mullin,et al.  Adaptive decision aids: using fallible algorithms to support decision making , 1989, Conference Proceedings., IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics.

[4]  Michelene T. H. Chi,et al.  Expertise in Problem Solving. , 1981 .

[5]  Joseph B. Kadane,et al.  A Subjectivist View of Calibration. , 1982 .

[6]  G. Huber.  Cognitive Style as a Basis for MIS and DSS Designs: Much ADO About Nothing? , 1983 .

[7]  Mark S. Cohen.  Three paradigms for viewing decision biases , 1993 .

[8]  Mark Weiser,et al.  Programming Problem Representation in Novice and Expert Programmers , 1983, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[9]  Donald E. Broadbent,et al.  Decision and stress , 1971 .

[10]  Yvonne Rogers,et al.  Models in the mind : theory, perspective and application , 1992 .

[11]  Mary S. Riley,et al.  Development of Children's Problem-Solving Ability in Arithmetic. , 1984 .

[12]  Marvin S. Cohen,et al.  Display Techniques for Pilot Interactions with Intelligent Avionics: A Cognitive Approach , 1987 .

[13]  John W. Payne,et al.  Task complexity and contingent processing in decision making: An information search and protocol analysis☆ , 1976 .

[14]  Andrew P. Sage,et al.  Behavioral and Organizational Considerations in the Design of Information Systems and Processes for Planning and Decision Support , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[15]  Ann L. Brown,et al.  Skills, plans, and self-regulation , 1978 .

[16]  R. Sternberg.  Advances in the psychology of human intelligence , 1982 .

[17]  Stephen M. Kosslyn,et al.  Pictures and names: Making the connection , 1984, Cognitive Psychology.

[18]  John R. Anderson.  The Adaptive Character of Thought , 1990 .

[19]  K. A. Ericsson,et al.  Toward a general theory of expertise : prospects and limits , 1991 .

[20]  O. Svenson.  Process descriptions of decision making. , 1979 .

[21]  B. Adelson.  When Novices Surpass Experts: The Difficulty of a Task May Increase With Expertise , 1984 .

[22]  S. Kosslyn.  Image and mind , 1982 .

[23]  A. Millington.  Problem Solving in Physics , 1968, Nature.

[24]  P. Johnson-Laird,et al.  Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness , 1985 .

[25]  S S Stevens,et al.  HUMAN ENGINEERING FOR AN EFFECTIVE AIR-NAVIGATION AND TRAFFIC-CONTROL SYSTEM, AND APPENDIXES 1 THRU 3 , 1951 .

[26]  H. Simon,et al.  Perception in chess , 1973 .

[27]  Curtis A. Becker,et al.  User acceptance of intelligent avionics: A study of automatic-aided target recognition , 1991 .

[28]  Allen Newell,et al.  Human Problem Solving. , 1973 .

[29]  Rapid Thermal Multiprocessor,et al.  Supervisory Control of a , 1993 .

[30]  Barry L. Lewis,et al.  Human information processing research in accounting: The state of the art in 1982 , 1977 .

[31]  Dorothea P. Simon,et al.  Expert and Novice Performance in Solving Physics Problems , 1980, Science.

[32]  J. M. Anglin,et al.  Extensional Aspects of the Preschool Child’s Word Concepts , 1983 .

[33]  Stephen E. Fienberg,et al.  Discrete Multivariate Analysis: Theory and Practice , 1976 .

[34]  R. E. Curry.  The Introduction of New Cockpit Technology: A Human Factors Study , 1985 .

[35]  Wayne D. Gray,et al.  Basic objects in natural categories , 1976, Cognitive Psychology.

[36]  D. M. Green,et al.  Signal detection theory and psychophysics , 1966 .

[37]  S. Kosslyn,et al.  Wet Mind: The New Cognitive Neuroscience , 1995 .

[38]  J. Townsend.  Theoretical analysis of an alphabetic confusion matrix , 1971 .

[39]  Hillel J. Einhorn,et al.  Judgment under uncertainty: Learning from experience and suboptimal rules in decision making , 1982 .

[40]  Sarah Lichtenstein,et al.  A Subjectivist View of Calibration (Report No. 82-6) , 1982 .

[41]  D. Navon.  Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception , 1977, Cognitive Psychology.

[42]  D. Cruse.  The pragmatics of lexical specificity , 1977, Journal of Linguistics.

[43]  R. Luce,et al.  The Choice Axiom after Twenty Years , 1977 .

[44]  A. V. Reed,et al.  List length and the time course of recognition in immediate memory , 1976, Memory & cognition.

[45]  R. Pew,et al.  Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff in Reaction Time: Effect of Discrete Criterion Times , 1968 .

[46]  C. Trevarthen.  Review: Cognition and Reality: Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology , 1977 .

[47]  M. Gluck,et al.  Explaining Basic Categories: Feature Predictability and Information , 1992 .

[48]  Jon Doyle,et al.  A Truth Maintenance System , 1979, Artif. Intell..

[49]  L. Barsalou.  Cognitive Psychology: An Overview for Cognitive Scientists , 1992 .

[50]  H. J. Einhorn,et al.  Cognitive processes in choice and decision behavior , 1979 .

[51]  D. Herrmann,et al.  Problem perception and knowledge structure in expert and novice mathematical problem solvers. , 1982 .

[52]  Vimla L. Patel,et al.  The general and specific nature of medical expertise: A critical look. , 1991 .

[53]  Robert M. Hamm,et al.  The Relative Efficacy of Intuitive and Analytical Cognition: A Second Direct Comparison , 1984 .

[54]  Lawrence W. Barsalou,et al.  Deriving Categories to Achieve Goals , 1991 .

[55]  David G. Lowe,et al.  Three-Dimensional Object Recognition from Single Two-Dimensional Images , 1987, Artif. Intell..

[56]  Paul J. Feltovich,et al.  Categorization and Representation of Physics Problems by Experts and Novices , 1981, Cogn. Sci..

[57]  Raymond Reiter,et al.  A Logic for Default Reasoning , 1987, Artif. Intell..

[58]  Kenneth Kotovsky,et al.  Complex Information Processing: The Impact of Herbert A. Simon , 1989 .

[59]  Kathryn B. Laskey,et al.  Human and Computer Task Allocation in Air Defense Systems , 1990 .