Ambient ammonia and ammonium aerosol across a region of variable ammonia emission density

Abstract We present 1 year of ambient ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), hydrochloric acid (HCl), chloride (Cl−), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO3−), nitrous acid (HONO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfate (SO42−) concentrations at three sites in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. The three sites, Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, are located in counties with total NH3 emission densities of 4800, 2280, and 320 kg NH3-N km−2 yr−1, respectively. Average NH3 concentrations were 5.32, 2.46, and 0.58 μg m−3 at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. Average NH4+ concentrations were 1.84, 1.25, and 0.91 μg m−3, and total concentrations of inorganic (NH4++NO3−+ SO42−+Cl−) particulate matter with aerosol diameters

[1]  W. J. Mitchell,et al.  East versus West in the US: Chemical Characteristics of PM2.5 during the Winter of 1999 , 2001 .

[2]  F. Santis,et al.  Annular denuder method for sampling reactive gases and aerosols in the atmosphere , 1987 .

[3]  Viney P. Aneja,et al.  Trends in Ammonium Concentration in Precipitation and Atmospheric Ammonia Emissions at a Coastal Plain Site in North Carolina, U.S.A. , 2000 .

[4]  W. Malm,et al.  Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States , 1994 .

[5]  L. Hodson,et al.  Field comparison of methods for the measurement of gaseous and particulate contributors to acidic dry deposition. , 1990 .

[6]  D. Schimel,et al.  Gaseous ammonia fluxes and background concentrations in terrestrial ecosystems of the United States , 1992 .

[7]  E. Allen,et al.  Changes in soil inorganic nitrogen as related to atmospheric nitrogenous pollutants in southern California , 1999 .

[8]  H. Sievering.  Nitrogen deposition and carbon sequestration , 1999, Nature.

[9]  B. Nihlgaard,et al.  The ammonium hypothesis - an additional explanation to the forest dieback in Europe , 1985 .

[10]  A. Bouwman,et al.  A global high‐resolution emission inventory for ammonia , 1997 .

[11]  J. Sickles.  A Summary of Airborne Concentrations of Sulfur- and Nitrogen-Containing Pollutants in the Northeastern United States. , 1999, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[12]  E. Cowling,et al.  Reactive Nitrogen and The World: 200 Years of Change , 2002, Ambio.

[13]  Mitsuhiro Matsumoto,et al.  Long term measurements of atmospheric gaseous and aerosol species using an annular denuder system in Nara, Japan , 1998 .

[14]  Luke P. Naeher,et al.  Indoor, outdoor, and regional summer and winter concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO4(2)-, H+, NH4+, NO3-, NH3, and nitrous acid in homes with and without kerosene space heaters. , 1999, Environmental Health Perspectives.

[15]  J. Roelofs,et al.  The effect of air-borne ammonium sulphate onPinus nigra var.maritima in the Netherlands , 1985, Plant and Soil.

[16]  Barry Lefer,et al.  Nitric acid and ammonia at a rural northeastern U.S. site , 1999 .

[17]  Jan Aben,et al.  An automatic atmospheric ammonia network in the Netherlands set-up and results , 1998 .

[18]  Timothy B. Parkin,et al.  Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Anaerobic Swine Lagoons: Ammonia, Nitrous Oxide, and Dinitrogen Gas , 2000 .

[19]  L. Tarnay,et al.  Preliminary measurements of summer nitric acid and ammonia concentrations in the Lake Tahoe Basin air-shed: implications for dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen. , 2001, Environmental pollution.

[20]  W. Robarge,et al.  Atmospheric concentrations of ammonia and ammonium at an agricultural site in the southeast United States , 2002 .

[21]  John Hom,et al.  Forest canopy uptake of atmospheric nitrogen deposition at eastern U.S. conifer sites: Carbon storage implications? , 2000 .

[22]  Martin Ferm,et al.  Method for determination of atmospheric ammonia , 1979 .

[23]  H. Paerl,et al.  ANTHROPOGENICALLY-DERIVED ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN DEPOSITION, MARINE EUTROPHICATION AND HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM EXPANSION : IS THERE A LINK? , 1999 .

[24]  Albert J. Heber,et al.  SE—Structures and Environment , 2000 .

[25]  H. V. Jaarsveld,et al.  A variable-resolution transport model applied for NHχ in Europe , 1992 .

[26]  Ji-Qin Ni,et al.  Mechanistic Models of Ammonia Release from Liquid Manure: a Review , 1999 .

[27]  W. Benjey,et al.  Analysis of ammonia and aerosol concentrations and deposition near the free troposphere at Mt. Mitchell, NC, U.S.A. , 1998 .

[28]  Sara C. Pryor,et al.  Ammonia concentrations and fluxes over a forest in the midwestern USA , 2001 .

[29]  Paul A. Roelle,et al.  Characterization of ammonia emissions from soils in the upper coastal plain, North Carolina , 2002 .

[30]  H. Sievering,et al.  Dry deposition of ammonia, nitric acid, ammonium, and nitrate to alpine tundra at Niwot Ridge, Colorado , 2001 .

[31]  Olivier Boucher,et al.  General circulation model assessment of the sensitivity of direct climate forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to aerosol size and chemistry , 1995 .

[32]  T. Mccurdy,et al.  Acid aerosols in the Pittsburgh Metropolitan area , 1999 .

[33]  L. Hodson,et al.  Evaluation of the filter pack for long-duration sampling of ambient air , 1999 .

[34]  Robert W. Howarth,et al.  Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur? , 1991 .

[35]  David A. Dickey,et al.  Atmospheric transport and wet deposition of ammonium in North Carolina , 2000 .

[36]  Spyros N. Pandis,et al.  Response of Inorganic PM to Precursor Concentrations , 1998 .

[37]  H. Paerl.  Coastal eutrophication in relation to atmospheric nitrogen deposition: Current perspectives , 1995 .

[38]  V. Aneja,et al.  Analysis of ammonia, ammonium aerosols and acid gases in the atmosphere at a commercial hog farm in eastern North Carolina, USA , 1998 .

[39]  M. Sutton,et al.  Ammonia: emission, atmospheric transport and deposition , 1998 .

[40]  Viney P. Aneja,et al.  Characterization of atmospheric ammonia emissions from swine waste storage and treatment lagoons , 2000 .

[41]  H. Paerl,et al.  Spatiotemporal variability of wet atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina. , 2001, Journal of environmental quality.