How does radiation kill cells?

Recent advances in the understanding of intracellular signaling after genotoxic injury have led to a better understanding of the pathways that influence radiation-induced cell death. Particular progress has been made in defining molecular controls of apoptosis and radiation-induced cell cycle arrest, as well as the possible role of telomerase activity in stabilizing DNA breaks.

[1]  R. Muschel,et al.  Cyclin B expression in HeLa cells during the G2 block induced by ionizing radiation. , 1991, Cancer research.

[2]  H. Tauchi,et al.  Analysis of mitotic cell death caused by radiation in mouse leukaemia L5178Y cells: apoptosis is the ultimate form of cell death following mitotic failure. , 1994, International journal of radiation biology.

[3]  H. Xiao,et al.  Sodium butyrate induces NIH3T3 cells to senescence-like state and enhances promoter activity of p21WAF/CIP1 in p53-independent manner. , 1997, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[4]  G. Hannon,et al.  Involvement of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 (INK4a) in replicative senescence of normal human fibroblasts. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[5]  R. Weichselbaum,et al.  Decreasing the apoptotic threshold of tumor cells through protein kinase C inhibition and sphingomyelinase activation increases tumor killing by ionizing radiation. , 1997, Cancer research.

[6]  J. Hendry,et al.  Cell death (apoptosis) in the mouse small intestine after low doses: effects of dose-rate, 14.7 MeV neutrons, and 600 MeV (maximum energy) neutrons. , 1982, International journal of radiation biology and related studies in physics, chemistry, and medicine.

[7]  A. Haimovitz-Friedman,et al.  The sphingomyelin signal transduction pathway mediates apoptosis for tumor necrosis factor, Fas, and ionizing radiation. , 1994, Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire.

[8]  R. Muschel,et al.  Regulation of radiation-induced apoptosis in oncogene-transfected fibroblasts: influence of H-ras on the G2 delay. , 1996, Oncogene.

[9]  R. Weichselbaum,et al.  Suppression of Bcl-2 messenger RNA production may mediate apoptosis after ionizing radiation, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and ceramide. , 1995, Cancer research.

[10]  M. Kastan,et al.  Wild-type p53 is a cell cycle checkpoint determinant following irradiation. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  J. Aten,et al.  Micronuclei expression in tumors as a test for radiation sensitivity. , 1993, Radiotherapy and Oncology.

[12]  R. Muschel,et al.  Reducing the radiation-induced G2 delay causes HeLa cells to undergo apoptosis instead of mitotic death. , 1996, International journal of radiation biology.

[13]  P. Bryant Enzymatic restriction of mammalian cell DNA using Pvu II and Bam H1: evidence for the double-strand break origin of chromosomal aberrations. , 1984, International journal of radiation biology and related studies in physics, chemistry, and medicine.

[14]  T. Yamaguchi,et al.  Relationship between survival period and dose of irradiation in rat thymocytes in vitro. , 1967, International journal of radiation biology and related studies in physics, chemistry, and medicine.

[15]  Stephen J. Elledge,et al.  Mice Lacking p21 CIP1/WAF1 undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control , 1995, Cell.

[16]  K. A. McKenna,et al.  p53-dependent DNA damage-induced apoptosis requires Fas/APO-1-independent activation of CPP32beta. , 1997, Cancer research.

[17]  Olive Pl,et al.  Apoptosis: an indicator of radiosensitivity in vitro ? , 1997 .

[18]  John Calvin Reed,et al.  BCL‐2 family proteins: Regulators of cell death involved in the pathogenesis of cancer and resistance to therapy , 1996, Journal of cellular biochemistry.

[19]  Scott W. Lowe,et al.  p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes , 1993, Nature.

[20]  R. Erlandson,et al.  Radiation-induced micronuclei formation in human breast cancer cells: dependence on serum and cell cycle distribution. , 1997, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[21]  A. Fornace,et al.  The p53-dependent G1 cell cycle checkpoint pathway and ataxia-telangiectasia. , 1994, Cancer research.

[22]  K. Kamiya,et al.  Radiation-induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Human Gastric Epithelial Tumor Cells , 1994 .

[23]  R. Muschel,et al.  Increased expression of cyclin B1 mRNA coincides with diminished G2-phase arrest in irradiated HeLa cells treated with staurosporine or caffeine. , 1994, Radiation research.

[24]  A. Natarajan,et al.  Telomeres and radiation-induced chromosome breakage. , 1998, Mutagenesis.

[25]  E. Alnemri,et al.  Caspase-mediated Cleavage of the Ubiquitin-protein Ligase Nedd4 during Apoptosis* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[26]  D. Sidransky,et al.  Selective radiosensitization of p53–deficient cells by caffeine–mediated activation of p34cdc2 kinase , 1996, Nature Medicine.

[27]  R. Davis,et al.  The role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in apoptosis induced by ultraviolet C and gamma radiation. Duration of JNK activation may determine cell death and proliferation. , 1996, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[28]  B. Vogelstein,et al.  Participation of p53 protein in the cellular response to DNA damage. , 1991, Cancer research.

[29]  M. Hiraoka,et al.  Simultaneous evaluation of radiation-induced apoptosis and micronuclei in five cell lines. , 1998, International journal of radiation biology.

[30]  L. Zon,et al.  Requirement for ceramide-initiated SAPK/JNK signalling in stress-induced apoptosis , 1996, Nature.

[31]  S. Nakashima,et al.  Ceramide Formation Leads to Caspase-3 Activation during Hypoxic PC12 Cell Death , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[32]  J. Morgan,et al.  Requirement for Atm in ionizing radiation-induced cell death in the developing central nervous system. , 1998, Science.

[33]  L. David Tomei,et al.  Apoptosis: The Molecular Basis of Cell Death , 1991 .

[34]  L. Révész,et al.  The frequency of micronuclei as a measure of cell survival in irradiated cell populations. , 1980, International journal of radiation biology and related studies in physics, chemistry, and medicine.

[35]  C. Potten,et al.  Apoptosis in small intestinal epithelia from p53-null mice: evidence for a delayed, p53-indepdendent G2/M-associated cell death after γ-irradiation , 1997, Oncogene.

[36]  M. Sasaki,et al.  Radiation-induced chromosome damage in man , 1983 .

[37]  John Calvin Reed,et al.  Dissociation between cell cycle arrest and apoptosis can occur in Li-Fraumeni cells heterozygous for p53 gene mutations , 1997, Oncogene.

[38]  A. Haimovitz-Friedman,et al.  Ionizing radiation acts on cellular membranes to generate ceramide and initiate apoptosis , 1994, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[39]  M. Lavin,et al.  Resistance to radiation-induced apoptosis in Burkitt's lymphoma cells is associated with defective ceramide signaling. , 1997, Cancer research.

[40]  M. Flentje,et al.  Radiation-induced micronucleus formation in human skin fibroblasts of patients showing severe and normal tissue damage after radiotherapy. , 1998, International journal of radiation biology.

[41]  C. Coleman,et al.  Modulation of radiation-induced apoptosis and G2/M block in murine T-lymphoma cells. , 1995, Radiation research.

[42]  C. Purdie,et al.  Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways , 1993, Nature.

[43]  A. Wyllie,et al.  p53 dependence of early apoptotic and proliferative responses within the mouse intestinal epithelium following gamma-irradiation. , 1994, Oncogene.

[44]  C. Deng,et al.  Atm selectively regulates distinct p53-dependent cell-cycle checkpoint and apoptotic pathways , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[45]  C J Kemp,et al.  The role of p53 in spontaneous and radiation-induced apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract of normal and p53-deficient mice. , 1994, Cancer research.

[46]  I. Radford,et al.  Explaining differences in sensitivity to killing by ionizing radiation between human lymphoid cell lines. , 1998, Cancer research.

[47]  John Calvin Reed,et al.  Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. , 1994, Oncogene.

[48]  A. Wyllie,et al.  Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wide-ranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics , 1972, British Journal of Cancer.

[49]  C. Streffer,et al.  Micronuclei: a biological indicator of radiation damage. , 1996, Mutation research.

[50]  P. Leder,et al.  atm and p53 cooperate in apoptosis and suppression of tumorigenesis, but not in resistance to acute radiation toxicity , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[51]  Seamus J. Martin,et al.  Acid Sphingomyelinase–Deficient Human Lymphoblasts and Mice Are Defective in Radiation-Induced Apoptosis , 1996, Cell.

[52]  N. Crompton Telomeres, senescence and cellular radiation response , 1997, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[53]  R. Muschel,et al.  Effects of ionizing radiation on cyclin expression in HeLa cells. , 1992, Radiation research.

[54]  S. Goldstein Replicative senescence: the human fibroblast comes of age. , 1990, Science.

[55]  K. Kamiya,et al.  Radiation-induced apoptotic cell death in human gastric epithelial tumour cells; correlation between mitotic death and apoptosis. , 1995, International journal of radiation biology.

[56]  C. Streffer,et al.  Correlation of radiation-induced micronucleus frequency with clonogenic survival in cells of one diploid and two tetraploid murine tumor cell lines of the same origin. , 1997, Radiation research.

[57]  C C Ling,et al.  Radiation-induced apoptosis: relevance to radiotherapy. , 1995, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[58]  J. Murnane,et al.  Acquisition of telomere repeat sequences by transfected DNA integrated at the site of a chromosome break , 1993, Molecular and cellular biology.

[59]  C. Harley,et al.  Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts , 1990, Nature.

[60]  Lianfa Shi,et al.  Premature p34cdc2 activation required for apoptosis. , 1994, Science.

[61]  R. Warters Radiation-induced apoptosis in a murine T-cell hybridoma. , 1992, Cancer research.

[62]  I. Radford,et al.  Radiation response of mouse lymphoid and myeloid cell lines. Part II. Apoptotic death is shown by all lines examined. , 1994, International journal of radiation biology.

[63]  N. Kyprianou,et al.  bcl‐2 over‐expression delays radiation‐induced apoptosis without affecting the clonogenic survival of human prostate cancer cells , 1997, International journal of cancer.

[64]  P. Bryant,et al.  Chromosome healing, telomere capture and mechanisms of radiation-induced chromosome breakage. , 1998, International journal of radiation biology.