Destructive storms in European forests: past and forthcoming impacts.

[1]  Ola Sallnäs,et al.  WINDA—a system of models for assessing the probability of wind damage to forest stands within a landscape , 2004 .

[2]  Fredrik Lagergren,et al.  Storms can cause Europe‐wide reduction in forest carbon sink , 2009 .

[3]  Magnus Mossberg,et al.  The Forest Time Machine-a multi-purpose forest management decision-support system , 2005 .

[4]  K. Kuusela.  Forest resources in Europe, 1950-1990 , 1994 .

[5]  Simon Vosper,et al.  Neutral turbulent flow over forested hills , 2005 .

[6]  T. Fourcaud,et al.  Root architecture and wind-firmness of mature Pinus pinaster. , 2005, The New phytologist.

[7]  M. Dobbertin,et al.  Wind speed measurements and forest damage in Canton Zurich (Central Europe) from 1891 to winter 2007 , 2010 .

[8]  B. Nicoll,et al.  Adaptive growth of tree root systems in response to wind action and site conditions. , 1996, Tree physiology.

[9]  J. Finnigan,et al.  Wind and Trees: Turbulent airflow in forests on flat and hilly terrain , 1995 .

[10]  B. Gardiner,et al.  Comparison of two models for predicting the critical wind speeds required to damage coniferous trees , 2000 .

[11]  Barry Gardiner,et al.  Improvements in anchorage provided by the acclimation of forest trees to wind stress , 2008 .

[12]  Stephen Burt,et al.  THE GREAT STORM OF 15–16 OCTOBER 1987 , 1988 .

[13]  Ulla Mattila,et al.  Logistic regression models for wind and snow damage in Northern Finland based on the National Forest Inventory data , 2000 .

[14]  U. Ulbrich,et al.  Changes in storm track and cyclone activity in three SRES ensemble experiments with the ECHAM5/MPI-OM1 GCM , 2007 .

[15]  Tom Clancy,et al.  Into the Storm , 1997 .

[16]  J. Finnigan.  2 – The Turbulent Wind in Plant and Forest Canopies , 2007 .

[17]  Martin Wild,et al.  Modelling European winter wind storm losses in current and future climate , 2010 .

[18]  H. Jactel,et al.  Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity? , 2008, Biodiversity and Conservation.

[19]  C. Peterson,et al.  Catastrophic wind damage to North American forests and the potential impact of climate change. , 2000, The Science of the total environment.

[20]  M. Schelhaas.  Impacts of natural disturbances on the development of European forest resources: application of model approaches from tree and stand levels to large-scale scenarios , 2008 .

[21]  Corinna Rebmann,et al.  Productivity of forests in the Eurosiberian boreal region and their potential to act as a carbon sink –‐ a synthesis , 1999 .

[22]  K. Blennow,et al.  The probability of wind damage in forestry under a changed wind climate , 2008 .

[23]  Fabien Jubertie.  L'impact de la tempête "Martin" sur le couvert forestier en Auvergne. Origine des chablis et logique de reconstitution , 2008 .

[24]  S. Mochan.  The Effect of Windblow on Timber Quality in Sitka spruce , 2002 .

[25]  Christian Ammer,et al.  Admixing broadleaved to coniferous tree species: a review on yield, ecological stability and economics , 2008, European Journal of Forest Research.

[26]  U. Ulbrich,et al.  Development and application of an objective storm severity measure for the Northeast Atlantic region , 2008 .

[27]  Jean-Philippe Schütz,et al.  Vulnerability of spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest stands to storms and consequences for silviculture , 2006, European Journal of Forest Research.

[28]  F. Schmithüsen,et al.  Trends in forestry legislation: Western Europe , 2000 .

[29]  G. Leckebusch,et al.  Extreme wind storms over Europe in present and future climate: a cluster analysis approach , 2008 .

[30]  M. Żmihorski.  The effect of windthrow and its management on breeding bird communities in a managed forest , 2010, Biodiversity and Conservation.

[31]  Jari Liski,et al.  Impact of changing wood demand, climate and land use on European forest resources and carbon stocks during the 21st century , 2008 .

[32]  Uldis Silins,et al.  The effect of temperature on mechanical properties of standing lodgepole pine trees , 2000, Trees.

[33]  Beat Wermelinger,et al.  Ecology and management of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus—a review of recent research , 2004 .

[34]  Lennart Bengtsson,et al.  Storm Tracks and Climate Change , 2006 .

[35]  Shunqi Pan,et al.  Ensemble prediction of inundation risk and uncertainty arising from scour (EPIRUS) , 2009 .

[36]  Duncan Ray,et al.  The effect of soil water-table depth on root-plate development and stability of Sitka spruce , 1998 .

[37]  K. Blennow,et al.  Potential climate change impacts on the probability of wind damage in a south Swedish forest , 2010 .

[38]  J. Dhôte,et al.  RÉSISTANCE AUX VENTS FORTS DES PEUPLEMENTS FORESTIERS, ET NOTAMMENT DES MÉLANGES D'ESPÈCES , 2008 .

[39]  Andreas H. Fink,et al.  The European storm Kyrill in January 2007: synoptic evolution, meteorological impacts and some considerations with respect to climate change , 2009 .

[40]  B. Gardiner,et al.  Anchorage of coniferous trees in relation to species, soil type, and rooting depth , 2006 .

[41]  Gert-Jan Nabuurs,et al.  Future harvesting pressure on European forests , 2007, European Journal of Forest Research.

[42]  N. G. Ulanova,et al.  The effects of windthrow on forests at different spatial scales: a review , 2000 .

[43]  P. Cudlín,et al.  Western Carpathian mountain spruce forest after a windthrow: Natural regeneration in cleared and uncleared areas , 2010 .

[44]  Barry Gardiner,et al.  A review of mechanistic modelling of wind damage risk to forests , 2008 .

[45]  M. Saniga,et al.  Altitudinal variability of stand structure and regeneration in the subalpine spruce forests of the Pol’ana biosphere reserve, Central Slovakia , 2007, European Journal of Forest Research.

[46]  Uwe Ulbrich,et al.  Three extreme storms over Europe in December 1999 , 2001 .

[47]  Gert-Jan Nabuurs,et al.  Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries , 2003 .

[48]  H. M. Steven.  WIND AND THE FOREST , 1953 .

[49]  Axel Wellpott,et al.  Stability of continuous cover forests , 2008 .

[50]  M. Schelhaas,et al.  Adding natural disturbances to a large-scale forest scenario model and a case study for Switzerland , 2002 .

[51]  U. Ulbrich,et al.  Extra-tropical cyclones in the present and future climate: a review , 2009 .

[52]  B. Gardiner,et al.  The stability of different silvicultural systems: a wind-tunnel investigation , 2005 .

[53]  Lennart Bengtsson,et al.  Will Extratropical Storms Intensify in a Warmer Climate , 2009 .

[54]  B. Gardiner,et al.  Does steep terrain influence tree stability? A field investigation , 2005 .

[55]  B. Gardiner,et al.  Field and wind tunnel assessments of the implications of respacing and thinning for tree stability , 1997 .

[56]  M. Schelhaas,et al.  Database on forest disturbances in Europe (DFDE); technical description , 2003 .

[57]  T. Minayeva,et al.  Carbon dioxide exchange of a Russian boreal forest after disturbance by wind throw , 2002 .

[58]  D. C. van der Werf,et al.  Model documentation for the European Forest Information Scenario model (EFISCEN 3.1.3) , 2007 .

[59]  Barry Gardiner,et al.  4 - Understanding how the interaction of wind and trees results in wind-throw, stem break-age, and canopy gap formation , 2007 .

[60]  Heli Peltola,et al.  Factors affecting snow damage of trees with particular reference to European conditions. , 1997 .

[61]  G. L. Moore,et al.  The strength properties of timber , 1983 .

[62]  J. Bouchon.  Etat de la recherche relative aux dégâts forestiers dus aux tempêtes , 1987 .

[63]  H. Jactel,et al.  Multiscale spatial variation of the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus damage in a pine plantation forest (Landes de Gascogne, Southwestern France). , 2009 .

[64]  A. Cameron,et al.  Crown, stem and wood properties of wind-damaged and undamaged Sitka spruce , 2000 .

[65]  Jürgen Bauhus,et al.  How does silviculture affect storm damage in forests of south-western Germany? Results from empirical modeling based on long-term observations , 2010, European Journal of Forest Research.

[67]  Francisco Moreira,et al.  The influences of forest stand management on biotic and abiotic risks of damage , 2009, Annals of Forest Science.

[68]  H. L. Miller,et al.  Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis , 2007 .

[69]  L. Bärring,et al.  Scandinavian storminess since about 1800 , 2004 .

[70]  H. M. Steven.  Storm Damage to Woodlands in Scotland on January 31, 1953 , 1953, Nature.

[71]  Ola Sallnäs,et al.  Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners , 2002 .

[72]  Thomas Wohlgemuth,et al.  Increasing storm damage to forests in Switzerland from 1858 to 2007 , 2010 .

[73]  Ulf Hansson,et al.  Evaluation and future projections of temperature, precipitation and wind extremes over Europe in an ensemble of regional climate simulations , 2011 .

[74]  B. Gardiner,et al.  Modelling the windthrow risk for simulated forest stands of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) , 2005 .

[75]  Stephen E. Belcher,et al.  Flow over a hill covered with a plant canopy , 2004 .

[76]  J. Munthe,et al.  Mobilization of Mercury and Methylmercury from Forest Soils after a Severe Storm-Fell Event , 2007, Ambio.

[77]  U. Willén,et al.  European climate in the late twenty-first century: regional simulations with two driving global models and two forcing scenarios , 2004 .

[78]  U. Ulbrich,et al.  Changing Northern Hemisphere Storm Tracks in an Ensemble of IPCC Climate Change Simulations , 2008 .

[79]  K. F. Andersen,et al.  GALES AND GALE DAMAGE TO FORESTS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EFFECTS OF THE STORM OF 31ST JANUARY 1953, IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND , 1954 .

[80]  Markus Reichstein,et al.  The European carbon balance. Part 3: forests , 2010 .

[81]  J. Fridman,et al.  Models to Assess the Risk of Snow and Wind Damage in Pine, Spruce, and Birch Forests in Sweden , 1999, Environmental management.

[82]  Michael Bründl,et al.  The storm Lothar 1999 in Switzerland - an incident analysis , 2002 .

[83]  Marc G. Kramer,et al.  SOIL CARBON DYNAMICS ACROSS A WINDTHROW DISTURBANCE SEQUENCE IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA , 2004 .

[84]  R. Latham,et al.  Early understory succession following catastrophic wind damage in a deciduous forest , 1999 .

[85]  Aapo Rautiainen,et al.  Carbon gains and recovery from degradation of forest biomass in European Union during 1990-2005 , 2010 .

[86]  F. Helles,et al.  Windthrow probability as a function of stand characteristics and shelter , 1986 .

[87]  J. Connell.  Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. , 1978, Science.

[88]  M. Slodičák.  Wind and Trees: Thinning regime in stands of Norway spruce subjected to snow and wind damage , 1995 .

[89]  J. Gibbs,et al.  The pine shoot beetle Tomicus piniperda as a vector of blue stain fungi to windblown pine. , 1991 .

[90]  F. Danjon,et al.  The architecture of Picea sitchensis structural root systems on horizontal and sloping terrain , 2006, Trees.

[91]  Timo Pukkala,et al.  The use of heuristic optimization in risk management of wind damage in forest planning , 2007 .

[92]  Kristina Blennow,et al.  Risk management in Swedish forestry – Policy formation and fulfilment of goals , 2008 .

[93]  Hongcheng Zeng,et al.  A GIS-based decision support system for risk assessment of wind damage in forest management , 2007, Environ. Model. Softw..

[94]  C. Quine.  Forests and wind : management to minimise damage , 1995 .

[95]  M. Schroeder,et al.  The spruce bark beetle outbreak in Sweden following the January-storms in 2005 and 2007 , 2009 .

[96]  Marco Bindi,et al.  Assessing risk and adaptation options to fires and windstorms in European forestry , 2010 .

[97]  Peter B. Hairsine,et al.  Sediment delivery in managed forests: a review , 2006 .

[98]  J. Pinto,et al.  Statistical uncertainty of changes in winter storms over the North Atlantic and Europe in an ensemble of transient climate simulations , 2009 .

[99]  M. F. O'sullivan,et al.  Tree Stability in Relation to Cyclic Loading , 1993 .

[100]  Marc Hanewinkel,et al.  An inventory-based approach for modeling single- tree storm damage — experiences with the winter storm of 1999 in southwestern Germany , 2010 .