Discharge plasma processes of ring-cusp ion thrusters

This study has increased the viability of miniature ion thruster technology, advanced state-of-the-art discharge modeling, and revealed important aspects of discharge plasma processes. These extensions of existing ion thruster technology and understanding are necessary to fulfill the needs of future space missions. Experimental comparisons of the discharge performance of an array of miniature (3cm diameter) ion thruster discharge configurations were conducted and showed that a 3-ring configuration with length-to-diameter of 1.0 exhibited the best performance. A compact and lightweight version of this configuration, using small accelerator grid holes, exhibited discharge losses of 250-550eV/ion and propellant efficiency of as much as 87%. This performance represents a significant advancement in miniature (less than 5cm diameter) ion thruster technology and demonstrates that a miniature ion thruster of low magnet and thruster weight can yield desirable performance. A multi-component hybrid 2-D computational Discharge Model was developed to help identify important ion thruster discharge processes and investigate miniaturization issues. Combining experimental and computational results reveals that magnetic field optimization for a miniature ion thruster is bracketed by considerations of primary electron utilization and discharge stability. Discharge Model analysis of the larger (30cm diameter) NSTAR thruster revealed that the peak observed in the NSTAR beam profile is due to double ions that are created by over-confinement of primary electrons on the thruster axis. Design sensitivity results show that, at the NSTAR thruster scale, efficient confinement of primary electrons is relatively easy to achieve; therefore, efforts to improve thruster performance should focus on effectively utilizing the primary electrons to minimize double ion production and maximize the number of single ions extracted to the beam. The observations from this study have furthered the understanding of discharge processes and should improve future ion thruster design and modeling efforts. The Discharge Model advances state-of-the-art ion thruster modeling and provides a framework for a complete thruster model that can be used for long-life performance assessment and life validation.