Increased Level of α2,6-Sialylated Glycans on HaCaT Cells Induced by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles under UV Radiation

As one of the most widely used nanomaterials, the safety of nano-TiO2 for human beings has raised concern in recent years. Sialylation is an important glycosylation modification that plays a critical role in signal transduction, apoptosis, and tumor metastasis. The aim of this work was to investigate the cytotoxicity and phototoxicity of nano-TiO2 with different crystalline phases for human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and detect sialic acid alterations. The results showed that the mixture of crystalline P25 had the highest cytotoxicity and phototoxicity, followed by pure anatase A25, whereas pure rutile R25 had the lowest cytotoxicity and phototoxicity. A25 and R25 had no effects on the expression of sialic acids on HaCaT cells. However, HaCaT cells treated with P25 and UV showed an increased level of alterations in α2,6-linked sialic acids, which was related to the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by nano-TiO2 and UV. The abundance of α2,6-linked sialic acids increased as ROS production increased, and vice versa. Antioxidant vitamin C (VC) reversed the abnormal expression of α2,6-linked sialic acids caused by nano-TiO2 and protected cells by eliminating ROS. These findings indicate that nano-TiO2 can alter the sialylation status of HaCaT cells under UV irradiation in a process mediated by ROS.

[1]  N. Zíková,et al.  Markers of lipid oxidative damage in the exhaled breath condensate of nano TiO2 production workers , 2017, Nanotoxicology.

[2]  S. Arora,et al.  Comparative analysis of the relative potential of silver, Zinc-oxide and titanium-dioxide nanoparticles against UVB-induced DNA damage for the prevention of skin carcinogenesis. , 2016, Cancer letters.

[3]  Jae Ho Song,et al.  Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Biomolecule Interactions Influence Oral Absorption , 2016, Nanomaterials.

[4]  Muhammad Shakeel,et al.  Toxicity of Nano-Titanium Dioxide (TiO2-NP) Through Various Routes of Exposure: a Review , 2015, Biological Trace Element Research.

[5]  Baoyong Sha,et al.  The potential health challenges of TiO2 nanomaterials , 2015, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[6]  S. Pinho,et al.  Glycosylation in cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications , 2015, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[7]  M. D. dos Santos,et al.  Glycated Reconstructed Human Skin as a Platform to Study the Pathogenesis of Skin Aging. , 2015, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[8]  K. Howard,et al.  Cytotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to mussel hemocytes and gill cells in vitro: Influence of synthesis method, crystalline structure, size and additive , 2015, Nanotoxicology.

[9]  Zhuoyu Li,et al.  Protective Efficacy of Vitamins C and E on p,p′-DDT-Induced Cytotoxicity via the ROS-Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway and NF-κB/FasL Pathway , 2014, PloS one.

[10]  Jae Ho Song,et al.  Physicochemical analysis methods for nanomaterials considering their toxicological evaluations , 2014, Molecular & Cellular Toxicology.

[11]  Jie-Xie Wang,et al.  Phenolic metabolites of benzene induced caspase‐dependent cytotoxicities to K562 cells accompanied with decrease in cell surface sialic acids , 2014, Environmental toxicology.

[12]  N. Zhong,et al.  Vitamin C Mitigates Oxidative Stress and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia and LPS-Induced Macrophages , 2014, Mediators of inflammation.

[13]  A. Puustinen,et al.  Phagocytosis of nano-sized titanium dioxide triggers changes in protein acetylation. , 2014, Journal of proteomics.

[14]  O. Suzuki,et al.  Galectin-1-mediated cell adhesion, invasion and cell death in human anaplastic large cell lymphoma: Regulatory roles of cell surface glycans , 2014, International journal of oncology.

[15]  J. Schauer,et al.  Macrophage reactive oxygen species activity of water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions of ambient coarse, PM2.5 and ultrafine particulate matter (PM) in Los Angeles , 2013 .

[16]  Yuliang Zhao,et al.  Characterization and preliminary toxicity assay of nano-titanium dioxide additive in sugar-coated chewing gum. , 2013, Small.

[17]  Xinxin Zhao,et al.  Specific surface area of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles influences cyto- and photo-toxicity. , 2013, Toxicology.

[18]  Ritesh K Shukla,et al.  TiO2 nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in human liver cells , 2013, Nanotoxicology.

[19]  Jun Liu,et al.  Phototoxicity of nano titanium dioxides in HaCaT keratinocytes--generation of reactive oxygen species and cell damage. , 2012, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[20]  S. Diamond,et al.  Phototoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles under solar radiation to two aquatic species: Daphnia magna and Japanese medaka , 2012, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[21]  M. Schultz,et al.  Regulation of the metastatic cell phenotype by sialylated glycans , 2012, Cancer and Metastasis Reviews.

[22]  Ralf Kriehuber,et al.  Oxidative stress-induced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of nano-sized titanium dioxide particles in human HaCaT keratinocytes. , 2012, Toxicology.

[23]  Robert M Zucker,et al.  In vitro phototoxicity and hazard identification of nano-scale titanium dioxide. , 2012, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[24]  G. Lauc,et al.  Genomics and epigenomics of the human glycome , 2012, Glycoconjugate Journal.

[25]  V. Hornung,et al.  Activation of the inflammasome by amorphous silica and TiO2 nanoparticles in murine dendritic cells , 2011, Nanotoxicology.

[26]  Huibi Xu,et al.  Chemoprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cellular oxidative damages and apoptosis induced by nano titanium dioxide under UVA irradiation. , 2011, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[27]  Zhenyao Shen,et al.  Toxicological assessment of TiO2 nanoparticles by recombinant Escherichia coli bacteria. , 2011, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[28]  Wei Liu,et al.  Nano titanium dioxide induces the generation of ROS and potential damage in HaCaT cells under UVA irradiation. , 2010, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[29]  M. Schiller,et al.  Decrease of sialic acid residues as an eat-me signal on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes , 2010, Journal of Cell Science.

[30]  F. Hong,et al.  Toxicity of nano-anatase TiO2 to mice: Liver injury, oxidative stress , 2010 .

[31]  J. Dennis,et al.  Metabolism, Cell Surface Organization, and Disease , 2009, Cell.

[32]  J. Weissman,et al.  Defining the glycan destruction signal for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. , 2008, Molecular cell.

[33]  S. Do,et al.  Increased alpha2,3-sialylation and hyperglycosylation of N-glycans in embryonic rat cortical neurons during camptothecin-induced apoptosis. , 2007, Molecules and cells.

[34]  F. Levi-Schaffer,et al.  Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction , 2000, Apoptosis.

[35]  M. Buttner,et al.  A signal transduction system in Streptomyces coelicolor that activates the expression of a putative cell wall glycan operon in response to vancomycin and other cell wall‐specific antibiotics , 2002, Molecular microbiology.

[36]  Yoshihiro Kawaoka,et al.  Sialic Acid Species as a Determinant of the Host Range of Influenza A Viruses , 2000, Journal of Virology.

[37]  K. Hensley,et al.  Reactive oxygen species, cell signaling, and cell injury. , 2000, Free radical biology & medicine.

[38]  V. Yaghmai,et al.  Antioxidant effects of vitamin C in mice following X-irradiation. , 1996, Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology.

[39]  J. Dick,et al.  Membrane glycoprotein changes during the senescence of normal human diploid fibroblasts in culture , 1985, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.

[40]  A. Wyllie,et al.  Hormone-induced cell death. 2. Surface changes in thymocytes undergoing apoptosis. , 1984, The American journal of pathology.