Volatile dimethylsiloxanes in market seafood and freshwater fish from the Xúquer River, Spain.

Volatile dimethylsiloxanes are a family of synthetic organosilicon-compounds, which have received rising attention because of their widespread use and occurrence in the environment. In the present work, an analytical method based on ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction (USAE) followed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been optimized and applied to assess the presence of eight volatile dimethyl siloxanes (VMS) (hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetra-siloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM), decamethyltetrasiloxane (MD2M) and dodecamethylpentasiloxane (MD3M) and tetradecamethylhexasiloxane (MD4M)) in fish. The optimized method presented limits of quantification between 0.1 and 1.3 pg/g for linear volatile dimethylsiloxanes (lVMS) and between 13 and 39 pg/g for cyclic volatile dimethylsiloxanes (cVMS) and intraday relative standard deviation (between 1.9 and 7.0%). Recovery yields were between 71 and 92%. 40 fish samples collected in different markets in Barcelona, (Spain), and 16 samples of fish directly collected at the Xúquer River were analysed. cVMS were detected in almost all the river fish samples at concentrations between pg/g and ng/g, with a significant correlation between the fat content and VMS concentrations in fish. In addition, significant higher concentrations were found in market samples, suggesting sources of contamination from their manipulation and storage in indoor environments. Multivariate analyses were applied to the results and the siloxane profiles and analyte correlations are discussed.

[1]  K. Breivik,et al.  Occurrence and seasonality of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in Arctic air. , 2013, Environmental science & technology.

[2]  K. Kannan,et al.  Occurrence of cyclic and linear siloxanes in indoor dust from China, and implications for human exposures. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[3]  M. McLachlan,et al.  Cyclic volatile methylsiloxane bioaccumulation in flounder and ragworm in the Humber Estuary. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[4]  Michael S McLachlan,et al.  Determination of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in air using commercial solid phase extraction cartridges. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[5]  M. Adolfsson-Erici,et al.  Determination of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in biota with a purge and trap method. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[6]  M. McLachlan,et al.  Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[7]  M. McLachlan,et al.  Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in fish from the Baltic Sea. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[8]  K. Plotzke,et al.  Quantitative Determination of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) in Extracts of Biological Matrices by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , 2000 .

[9]  J. Hamelink,et al.  Effects of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS) on freshwater and marine organisms , 1995 .

[10]  M. Galceran,et al.  Analysis of linear and cyclic methylsiloxanes in water by headspace-solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2012, Talanta.

[11]  D. Barceló,et al.  Occurrence of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in wastewater, surface water and sediments from Catalonia. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[12]  Mehran Alaee,et al.  Concentrations of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in biosolid amended soil, influent, effluent, receiving water, and sediment of wastewater treatment plants in Canada. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[13]  E. Boutrif,et al.  Institutions Involved in Food Safety: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) , 2014 .

[14]  K. Korach,et al.  Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane exhibits estrogenic activity in mice via ERalpha. , 2003, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[15]  Yi-Fan Li,et al.  Trophic transfer of methyl siloxanes in the marine food web from coastal area of Northern China. , 2015, Environmental science & technology.

[16]  Mehran Alaee,et al.  Review of recent advances in research on the toxicity, detection, occurrence and fate of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in the environment. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[17]  J. Tadeo,et al.  Determination of cyclic and linear siloxanes in soil samples by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[18]  E. Griessbach,et al.  Degradation of polydimethylsiloxane fluids in the environment--a review. , 1999, Chemosphere.

[19]  C. Stevens.  Environmental degradation pathways for the breakdown of polydimethylsiloxanes. , 1998, Journal of inorganic biochemistry.

[20]  D. Barceló,et al.  Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry procedure for determination of endocrine disrupting compounds in fish from Mediterranean rivers. , 2013, Journal of chromatography. A.

[21]  M. McLachlan,et al.  Food web accumulation of cyclic siloxanes in Lake Mjøsa, Norway. , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[22]  Wenhua Wang,et al.  Concentrations and assessment of exposure to siloxanes and synthetic musks in personal care products from China. , 2011, Environmental pollution.

[23]  Dawen Gao,et al.  Survey of Cyclic and Linear Siloxanes in Sediment from the Songhua River and in Sewage Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants, Northeastern China , 2011, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[24]  Ramani Narayan,et al.  A Review of the Fate and Effects of Silicones in the Environment , 2003 .

[25]  Roger van Egmond,et al.  Determination of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in river and estuarine sediments in the UK. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. A.

[26]  Jessica Velicogna,et al.  Ecotoxicity of siloxane D5 in soil. , 2012, Chemosphere.

[27]  Katrine Borgå,et al.  Volatile siloxanes in the European arctic: assessment of sources and spatial distribution. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[28]  Roger van Egmond,et al.  Concentrations and fate of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D(5)) in the atmosphere. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[29]  K. Woodburn,et al.  Determination of the dietary biomagnification of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane with the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). , 2013, Chemosphere.

[30]  Yu Cheng,et al.  Wastewater treatment plants and landfills emit volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) to the atmosphere: investigations using a new passive air sampler. , 2011, Environmental pollution.

[31]  Shihe Xu,et al.  Octanol/Air Partition Coefficients of Volatile Methylsiloxanes and Their Temperature Dependence , 2013 .

[32]  D. Barceló,et al.  Integrated Risk Index of Chemical Aquatic Pollution (IRICAP): case studies in Iberian rivers. , 2013, Journal of hazardous materials.

[33]  D. Barceló,et al.  Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment , 2007 .

[34]  D J Paustenbach,et al.  The effect of cooking practices on the concentration of DDT and PCB compounds in the edible tissue of fish. , 1998, Journal of exposure analysis and environmental epidemiology.

[35]  Debra A McNett,et al.  Positive vs. false detection: a comparison of analytical methods and performance for analysis of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) in environmental samples from remote regions. , 2013, Chemosphere.

[36]  Daryl J. McGoldrick,et al.  Assessing inter-laboratory comparability and limits of determination for the analysis of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in whole Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). , 2011, Chemosphere.

[37]  M. Galceran,et al.  Analysis of linear and cyclic methylsiloxanes in sewage sludges and urban soils by concurrent solvent recondensation-large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. , 2012, Journal of chromatography. A.

[38]  D. Barceló,et al.  Analysis and occurrence of selected medium to highly polar pesticides in groundwater of Catalonia (NE Spain): An approach based on on-line solid phase extraction–liquid chromatography–electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry detection , 2010 .

[39]  Jiamo Fu,et al.  Cyclic organosilicon compounds in ambient air in Guangzhou, Macau and Nanhai, Pearl River Delta , 2001 .

[40]  M. Whelan,et al.  A modelling assessment of the atmospheric fate of volatile methyl siloxanes and their reaction products. , 2004, Chemosphere.

[41]  D. Barceló,et al.  Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the multi-residue analysis of organic UV filters and their transformation products in the aquatic environment , 2013 .

[42]  Rakesh Kanda,et al.  Determination of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in river water and final effluent by headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. , 2008, Journal of chromatography. A.

[43]  Raf Dewil,et al.  The analysis of volatile siloxanes in waste activated sludge. , 2007, Talanta.

[44]  J. Petersen,et al.  Safety of food contact silicone rubber: Liberation of volatile compounds from soothers and teats , 2002 .